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Part II: Data
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Appendix B: Sample sentences
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[Copula]
[Sentence Introduction]
Herlein (1718) (pp.280-282): no data
Nepveu (1765) (pp.280-282): no data
Van Dyk (c.1770) (pp.47-75)
| Of Mastra plessi bekasi da maniri zo alle tem (3/55) |
| If Master please because it-is custom so all time |
‘If you please, because that's always the custom (i.e. to name a colt after the person who announces its birth)’
| Hoezomma de na mi hankmake? Da mi Filida mi kom |
| What-person BE LOC my hammock? It-is me, Filida; I've come |
‘Who's there at my hammock? It's me, Filida; I come to see
you’
| Hoe zomma datti? Da da kromanti neger (3/74) |
| What person ø that? It-is the Cromanty negro |
‘Who is it? It's the Cromanty Negro’
Schumann (1783) (pp.45-93)
| da allawan na mi, hufa ju meki datti (4/49) |
| it-is all-one LOC me, what-way you make that |
‘it's all the same to me, how you do it’
| da wan bassra-boom (4/57) |
| that-is a bastard-tree |
‘that tree is a hybrid’
| da wan biggi somma (4/62) |
| that-is a big person |
‘it's a fat man’
‘is that you?’
Stedman (1796) (passim)
| You man? Da boy fasy (5/64) |
| You ø man? It-is boy manner |
‘Are you a man? You behave like a boy’
| sooto sooto da Bonny kiry da dago? (5/227) |
| shoot shoot it-is Boni kill the dog |
‘Fire! Shoot! It's Boni (a maroon leader); kill the dog!’
| |
| |
| Oan bus adioso-o da so adiosso me de-go (5/362) |
| One kiss goodbye-o it-is so goodbye I ASP-go |
‘One kiss, goodbye; that's how it is, goodbye, I'm leaving’
Weygandt (1798) (pp.91-109)
| Da wan Masra diesie dé aksie na joe (6/91-1) |
| It-is a Master REL ASP ask LOC you |
‘It's a gentleman, who's asking for you’
| A! da joe Masra! (6/91-2) |
| Ah! it-is you Master |
‘Ah! Is it you, Master?’
| Da tem foe jam (6/93) |
| It-is time for eat |
‘It's time to have dinner’
| Da no wan joeroe jetee (6/94-1) |
| It-is NEG one hour yet |
‘It's not yet one o'clock’
| Da foe mie (6/94-2) |
| It-is of/for me |
‘It's mine’
| Da wan helie joeroe foe waka (6/97) |
| It-is one whole hour for walk |
‘It's a full hour's walk’
| Da wan pley diesie dee no-ja tranga na modo (6/100) |
| It-is a (card)game REL BE now strong LOC fashion |
‘It's a card game which is very popular now’
| Da troe Masra D. dé go trouw? (6/101) |
| It-is true Master D. ASP go marry |
‘Is it true that Mr. D. is going to get married?’
| Da da biegie n'joen hoso (6/102-1) |
| It-is that big new house |
‘It's that big new house’
| Da no sanie foe takie tangie (6/102-2) |
| It-is NEG thing for say thanks |
‘It's nothing to say “thank you” for’
| Dan da tem foe mie go (6/104) |
| Then it-is time for I go |
‘Then it's time for me to go’
| Da da retie monie foe em (6/105) |
| That-is the right money for it |
‘That's the right price for it’
| |
| |
| Da da srefie Masra (6/106) |
| That-is the same Master |
‘That's the same thing, Sir (that amounts to the same thing, Sir)’
Wennekers [1822] (pp.1-49)
| a no Masra? a no Gado? (7/33-1 & 2) |
| it-is NEG Master? it-is NEG God? |
‘isn't it the Lord? isn't it God (who did all this)?’
Luke (1829) (pp.6-38): no data
Cesaari (1836-1837) (pp.292-298)
| Soema de jompo janna so? Mi bribi na Cesaari (10/292) |
| Who ASP jump yonder so? I believe it-is Cesaari |
‘Who's limping there like that? I think it's Cesaari’
| Shjah! na troe san bijblie takki, na troe san Domine |
| Fy! it-is true what bible say, it-is true what priests |
‘It's true what the bible says and what the preachers preach:
| leesie, Wi njan wi switti-moffo nanga sweeti voe wi |
| read, We eat our sweet-mouth with sweat of our |
we earn our bread in the sweat of our faces’
veesie (10/296-1 & 2)
faces
| Awassi mi pooti, tokkoe na troe, Mi habi mi libbi voe |
| Although I ø poor, still it-is true, I have my life for |
‘I may be poor, but still it's true: I have to carry my own
tjaari (10/298)
carry
burden’
Helmig van der Vegt (1844) (pp.36-48)
| Da wan pleh, dissi de noja tranga na modo (11/38) |
| It-is a (card)game, REL BE now strong LOC fashion |
‘It's a card game which is very popular now’
| Datti no de tra fassi alwassi da frien ningre |
| That NEG BE other way even-if it-is free negroes |
‘It (i.e. the Blacks' way of working) isn't any different,
srefi (11/46)
even
even if they are free negroes’
| |
| |
Grammatik (1854) (pp.5-22)
| Da mi sisa pikien (12/9) |
| It-is my sister child |
‘It's my sister's child’
| Da wan pikinsani (12/11) |
| It-is a small-thing |
‘It's a trifle’
| Da wan boen plesi, vo dem slibi (12/19-1) |
| That-is a good place for they sleep |
‘That's a good place for them to sleep’
| Soema doe dati? Da mi! (12/19-2) |
| Who do that? It-is me! |
‘Who did that? I did!’
Focke (1855) (pp.1-28)
| A no mi (13/1) |
| It-is NEG me |
‘It's not me’
| Da mi bére-pikien (13/10) |
| It-is my belly-child |
‘It's my own child’
| Ho dei ti-dè? Da fó-de-wróko (13/21) |
| What day ø today? It-is four-day-work |
‘What day is today? It's Thursday’
| Da wan tákroe doe datti (13/24) |
| It-is a bad do that |
‘That's bad manners’
Wullschlägel (1856) (pp.1-32)
| da wan lau-tori (14/2) |
| that-is a crazy-story |
‘that's a crazy story’
| da no you wroko (14/11) |
| that-is NEG your work |
‘that's none of your business’
| a no wansani (14/13) |
| it-is NEG one-thing |
‘it doesn't matter’
| da wan switi pikien (14/18-1) |
| it-is a nice child |
‘it's a nice child’
| |
| |
| da wan boen dresi, a de dresi ala siki (14/18-2) |
| that-is a good medicine, it ASP cure all sick |
‘that's a good medicine; it cures every disease’
King Berichten (1864-1870) (pp.16-18): no data
King Maripaston (1891-1894) (pp.51-53): no data
Albitrouw Anake (1894) (pp.28-30)
| Na adjosi joeroe now (17/29) |
| It-is goodbye hour now |
‘It's time to say goodbye now’
Kraag (1894-1896) (pp.34-36)
| En disi piki mi taki da wan foe den pikin foe da |
| And this answer me say it-is one of the children of the |
‘And he answered me that it was one of the children of the
| grankapten Alemoen (18/34) |
| great-captain Alemoen |
“great chief” Alemoen’
Albitrouw Aurora (1896) (pp.15-17): no data
Makzien I (1902) (pp.1-4)
| da soema (...), disi de kisi wan njoe hatti, da vo |
| the person (...) REL ASP get a new heart, that-is for |
‘the person who gets a new heart, that means: a heart that
| taki, so wan hatti, disi no lobbi zondoe moro (20/1) |
| say, such a heart, REL NEG love sin more |
doesn't love sin anymore’
Helstone (1903) (pp.27-41): no data
Makzien II (1913) (pp.51-52): no data
Herskovits & Herskovits (1936) (pp.150-166)
| Da di “a Ba Tigri miti Ba Todotodo, a tya” |
| Then when the Brother Tiger meet Brother Toad, he carry |
‘Then when Ba Tiger met Ba Toad, he took him away, because
| en gowe, bikasi na hem nengere (23/158) |
| him go-away, because it-is his negro |
he was his slave’
| A no mi (23/160) |
| It-is NEG me |
‘It's not me’
| |
| |
| Tye, mi Konu, yu sa yere taki na tru (23/166) |
| Tye, my King, you TNS hear say it-is true |
‘Tye, my King, you will hear that it's true’
Koenders (1946-1949) (pp.138-142)
| suma na un, san un wani? Bun suma, na mi |
| who BE you, what you want? Good people, it-is me, |
‘who are you, what do you want? (We are) good people;
Philip (24/142-1)
Philip
it's me, Philip’
| Di den srudati yere na Philip, den poti den gon na |
| When the soldiers hear it-is Philip, they put their guns LOC |
‘When the soldiers heard it was Philip, they put down their
sey (24/142-2)
side
guns’
| |
| |
| |
[Identification]
Herlein (1718) (pp.280-282)
| Oe som bady Mastre vor joe? (1/281) |
| Who person ø Master of you? |
‘Who is your master?’
Nepveu (1765) (pp.280-282)
| Hoe so ma masra for joe? (2/281) |
| Who person ø master of you? |
‘Who is your master?’
Van Dyk (c.1770) (pp.47-75)
| joe go ziddom na joe kamere retti liki joe da gran |
| you go sit-down LOC your room just like you BE great |
‘you're sitting in your room as if you are the owner’
mastra sleffi (3/70)
master self
| Hoe zomma datti (3/73) |
| Who person ø that? |
‘Who's that (i.e. the person you're talking about)?’
Schumann (1783) (pp.45-93)
| datti da reti nem (4/66) |
| that ø the right name |
‘that's the right name (i.e. bombo for “vulva”)’
| da my reti brara, wan tatta, wan mamma (4/68-1) |
| that ø my real brother, one father, one mother |
‘That's my real brother; we have the same parents (i.e. mother and father)’
| da tarrawan da mi brara tu, wan tatta, tu |
| the other-one BE my brother too, one father, two |
‘The other one is my brother too; we have the same
mamma (4/68-2)
mothers
father, but different mothers’
| da tetei, effi, da tiki, effi, da pisi dotti, pp. da |
| the rope or the stick or the piece dirt etc. BE |
‘This rope or this stick or this piece of earth is my bribi’
mi bribi (4/69)
my bribi (i.e. charm)
| |
| |
| datti da somma, dissi ju de suku (4/78) |
| that ø the person REL you ASP look-for |
‘That's the one you're looking for’
| hem da Gadolamm, dissi dem ben killi (4/82) |
| he ø the Lamb-of-God REL they TNS kill |
‘He's the Lamb of God who's been killed’
| droifi watra, da wini (4/92) |
| grape water BE wine |
‘Grapes' juice is wine’
Stedman (1796) (passim)
| Who somma datty? (5/227) |
| Who person ø that |
‘Who is it?’
Weygandt (1798) (pp.91-120)
| Da oe Masra datie (6/91-1) |
| Is who Master ø that |
‘Which gentleman is it?’
| Mie no sabie o sama da em (6/91-2) |
| I NEG know who person BE he |
‘I don't know who he is’
| Mie sa go loekoe oe soema datie (6/91-3) |
| I TNS go look who person ø that |
‘I'll see who it is’
| Oe sama da joe sneyrie? (6/106) |
| Who person BE your tailor |
‘Who's your tailor?’
Wennekers (1822) (pp.1-49)
| Wi moessoe bribi foe wi Reppiman Jesus Christus dee da |
| We must believe for our Help-man Jesus Christ BE the |
‘We must believe that our Saviour Jesus Christ is the true
| troe Pikien va Gado (7/1) |
| true child of God |
Son of God’
| Lifi Masra Jesus Christus! joe dee Gado Pikien (7/4) |
| Sweet Master Jesus Christ! you BE God Child |
‘Sweet Lord Jesus Christ! you are the Son of God’
| Disi drie: Briebi, Hoopoe, Lobbi den dee den drie morro |
| These three: Faith, Hope, Love they BE the three more |
‘These three: Faith, Hope, and Love, are the best attitudes
| |
| |
| boen fasi va wi hatti na Gado (7/7) |
| good ways of our heart LOC God |
toward God’
| A dee joe Gado, danki Hem (7/16) |
| He BE your God, thank Him |
‘He's your God, be thankful to Him’
| Ma joe pikien ben Gado, Bifo joe meki Hem (7/19) |
| But your child TNS ø God, before you make Him |
‘But your child was God before you gave birth to Him’
| Gran Odi, Kruisi! Hoopoe va wi joe dee wawan (7/20) |
| Great greetings, Cross! Hope of us you BE only |
‘Hail Cross! You are our only hope’
| Santa Jeje, disi dee da Geest va alla toe (7/21) |
| Holy Ghost REL BE the Spirit of all two |
‘the Holy Ghost, who is the Spirit of both of them’
| joe dee mi nene, joe ben meki mi (7/36) |
| you BE my mommy, you TNS bear me |
‘you are my mommy, you gave birth to me’
| Ma loekoe: disi dee da Reppiman va alla soema (7/38-1) |
| But look: this BE the Help-man of all people |
‘But look: this is the Saviour of all people’
| hem dee da Pikien va Gado srefi (7/38-2) |
| he BE the Child of God self |
‘he is God's own Child’
| hem nem dee Jesus Christus (7/38-3) |
| his name BE Jesus Christ |
‘his name is Jesus Christ’
| bikasi hem ben dee da troe Pikien va da troe Gado (7/40-1) |
| because he TNS BE the true Child of the true God |
‘because he was the true Child of the true God’
| hem tori wawan dee Gadotori, troe troe (7/40-2) |
| his story only BE God-story, true true |
‘only his story is truly God's story’
| Den mankeri-zonde tegi da fossiwan Gebod |
| The negligence-sins against the first-one Commandment |
‘The sins of negligence against the first Commandment
dee: (7/42)
BE:
are:’
| |
| |
| Den zonde va Tattà, Mamà, è Overste dee: (7/44) |
| The sins of Father, Mother and Superiors BE: |
‘The sins of fathers, mothers and superiors are:’
| Den mankeri-zonde disi dee fetti nanga da vyfde |
| The negligence-sins REL ASP fight with the fifth |
‘The sins of negligence that are in conflict with the
| gebod, dee: (7/48) |
| commandment BE: |
fifth commandment are:’
Luke (1829) (pp.6-38)
| Mi da Gabriel, disi de tanapoe na Gado fesi |
| I BE Gabriel, REL ASP stand LOC God face |
‘I am Gabriel, who is always standing before God’
(alatem) (8/8-1)
all-time
| Da wendje nem ben de Maria (8/8-2) |
| The girl name TNS BE Mary |
‘The name of the girl was Mary’
| a skrivi taki: Johannes da hem nem (8/12) |
| he write say: John BE his name |
‘he wrote down that his name was John’
| Da teli ben de da fosi teli, datem di Cirenius |
| The census TNS BE the first census the-time when Cirenius |
‘The census was the first census since Cirenius ruled Syria’
| ben de granman vo Siriakondre (8/14-1 & 8/14-2) |
| TNS BE chief of Syria |
| Bikasi tidei da Helpiman gebore gi oen na ini da |
| Because today the Help-man born give you LOC inside the |
‘Because today the Saviour was born for you in the city of
| foto vo David, hem da Kristus, da Masra (8/16) |
| city of David, he BE (or: ø the) Christ, the Lord |
David; he is Christ, our Lord’
| Ma di dem soema no ben sabi reti, hoesoema da |
| But because the people NEG TNS know exactly what-person BE |
‘But because the people didn't know exactly who John was and
| Johannes, en di dem alamal ben membre na ini dem |
| John, and because they all TNS think LOC inside their |
because they all thought secretly that maybe he was Christ
hatti taki, somtem hem da Kristus srefi, vo da hede
| |
| |
heart say maybe he BE Christ self, for that reason
himself, for that reason John answered them:’
| Johannes piki dem alamal taki: (8/22-1 & 8/22-2) |
| John answer them all say: |
| Joe da mi lobbi pikien, nanga joe mi habi mi plisiri! (8/24) |
| You BE my love child, with you I have my pleasure! |
‘You are my beloved child, in you I have pleasure!’
| Efi joe de Gado pikien, taki dan na da stoon disia, |
| If you BE God child, talk then LOC the rock this-here, |
‘If you are God's child, then speak to this rock so that it
| meki a tron brede (8/26) |
| make it turn bread |
will turn into bread’
| Da soema a no Josef pikien? (8/28) |
| The person BE NEG Joseph child? |
‘Isn't he Joseph's son?’
| mi sabi soema da joe; joe de da Santawan vo |
| I know who BE you; you BE the Holy-one of |
‘I know who you are; you are God's Holy one’
Gado (8/30-1 & 8/30-2)
God
| Joe da Kristus, da pikien vo Gado! (8/30-3) |
| You BE Christ, the child of God! |
‘You are Christ, the son of God!’
| bikasi dem ben sabi troe taki, hem da Kristus (8/30-4) |
| because they TNS know true say he BE Christ |
‘because they knew for sure that he was Christ’
| Hoesoema dati, di de meki spotoe so nanga Gado? (8/34) |
| Who-person ø that, REL ASP make mockery so with God |
‘Who's that, mocking at God like that?’
| Dati da Simon, disi a kali Petrus toe, nanga hem brara |
| That BE Simon, REL he call Peter too and his brother |
‘They (i.e. the disciples) were Simon, whom he also called
Andreas (8/38)
Andrew
Peter, and his brother Andrew’
Cesaari (1836-1837) (pp.292-298): no data
Helmig van der Vegt (1844) (pp.36-48): no data
| |
| |
Grammatik (1854) (pp.5-22)
| Masra N. hem da basi so (sic) ala dem granmasra (12/12) |
| Master N. he BE boss of all the big-masters |
‘Mr. N. is the greatest of all (plantation-)administrators’
| Da hem da soema, disi joe soekoe (12/19) |
| Is he ø the person REL you look-for |
‘He's the one you're looking for’
Focke (1855) (pp.1-28)
| Bigién foe ron na hési wákka (13/11) |
| Begin of run BE fast walk |
‘Running begins with walking fast’
| Mi da joe boi? (13/14) |
| I BE your servant? |
‘Am I your servant?’
| Mi da Joe brara (13/20-1) |
| I BE your brother |
‘I'm your brother’
| foe Joe da foe Joe (13/20-2) |
| of you BE of you |
‘to each his own’
| Ho dei ti-dè? (13/21) |
| Who day ø today? |
‘What day is today?’
| Táki-man a no dóeman (13/24) |
| Talk-man BE NEG do-man |
‘Saying something is not the same as doing it’
Wullschlägel (1856) (pp.1-32)
| disi da mi lobbi pikien, nanga hem mi habi mi plisiri (14/10) |
| this BE my love child, with him I have my pleasure |
‘this is my beloved child, in him I have pleasure’
| mi de da ópstaan en da liebi (14/20) |
| I BE the resurrection and the life |
‘I am resurrection and life’
King Berichten (1864-1870) (pp.16-18): no data
King Maripaston (1891-1894) (pp.51-53)
| A no hen, Noah srefi, de na soema disi soekoe na ala |
| Is NEG he, Noah self, BE the person REL seek LOC all |
‘Isn't he, Noah himself, the one who's trying in every way
| |
| |
| fasi foe pori [a] na wroko foe joe, di joe gi mi foe |
| manners for spoil the work of you, REL you give me for |
to destroy the work that you charged me to do among the
| mi doe na den Matoewari-nengre mindri [moese pori]? |
| me do LOC the Matuari-negroes middle |
Matuari-negroes?’ (16/52-1)
| Hen de Masra; a moro ala Kownoe foe grontapoe (16/52-2) |
| He BE Master; he exceed all Kings of earth |
‘He is the Lord; he surpasses all kings of the earth’
Albitrouw Anake (1894) (pp.28-30)
| Kwama ben de da laste kerki presi pe Masra Schärf ben |
| Kwama TNS BE the last church place where Master Schärf TNS |
‘Kwama was the last parish where Mr. Schärf worked’
wroko (17/28)
work
Kraag (1894-1896) (pp.34-36)
| En wanten mi aksi en osoema dati disi ben go dede |
| And at-once I ask him who ø that REL TNS go dead |
‘And I asked him immediately who it was that had died’ (18/34)
Albitrouw Aurora (1896) (pp.15-17)
| Da laste leriman disi ben loekoe en da |
| The last missionary REL TNS look it (i.e. the parish) BE |
‘The last missionary to look after it was Mr. Raats’
masra Raats (19/15)
Mr. Raats
| Mi taki: nono, tamara sonde, wi no kan go (19/17) |
| I say: no no, tomorrow ø Sunday, we NEG can go |
‘I said: no no, tomorrow's Sunday, we can't go’
Makzien I (1902) (pp.1-4):: no data
Helstone (1903) (pp.27-41)
| da woord ‘de’ no dee da hulpwerkwoord dee ‘zijn’, ma a |
| the word ‘de’ NEG BE the auxiliary dee ‘be’, but it |
‘the word ‘de’ (i.e. the TMA particle) is not the auxiliary
| dee wan gezelschapswoord (21/29) |
| BE an accompanying word |
dee ‘to be’, but it is a word to go along with (the pronominal subject)
| |
| |
| Wansoema de kom, rai soema dati (21/30-1) |
| Somebody ASP come, guess who ø that |
‘Somebody's coming, guess who it is’
| Wansoema dee, rai soema dati (21/30-2) |
| Somebody be-there, guess who ø that |
‘Somebody's here, guess who it is’
Makzien II (1913) (pp.51-52)
| Dati da dem, disi nooiti dem kan findi wan reti |
| That BE they, REL never they can find a right |
‘They are the ones who can never find a proper job’
wroko (22/52)
work
Herskovits & Herskovits (1936) (pp.150-166)
| Da' Konim kom feni suma de na fufuruman (23/162) |
| Then King come find who BE the thief |
‘Then the King found out who the thief was’
| So, na yu furuman? (23/166-1) |
| So, is you ø thief? |
‘So you are the thief?’
| Disi ben de mat' Anansi (23/166-2) |
| This (i.e. the thief) TNS BE friend Anansi |
‘This was friend Anansi’
| Den mek' wan sabi-taki, tak' na Anansi na na |
| They make a know-say, say is Anansi BE the |
‘They made an announcement that Anansi was the thief’
fufuruma' (23/166-3)
thief
| San 'a dati? (23/166-4) |
| What BE that? |
‘What is that?’
Koenders (1946-1949) (pp.138-142)
| Dati a no san den kari neger-engels ofu nengre-tongo |
| That BE NEG what they call Negro-English or nengre-tongo |
‘That (i.e. Sranan) is not what is called Negro-English or nengre-tongo (“negro language”)’ (24/138-1)
| Neger-engels dati na a broko broko Engels, san wan |
| Negro-English that BE the broken broken English REL a |
‘Negro-English is that broken English which a negro speaks:
| |
| |
| nengre e taki: mi no no na presi fu I don't know |
| negro ASP speak: mi no no in place of I don't know |
mi no no instead of I don't know’ (24/138-2)
| Nengre tongo na a tongo fu ala nengre èn dati wi |
| Negro language BE the language of all negroes and that our |
‘Negro language is the language of all Negroes and that is
| tongo no de tu (24/138-3 & 24/138-4) |
| language NEG BE too |
not what our language is’
| Wi tongo na Sranan nengre-tongo, dati na a tongo |
| Our language BE Suriname negro-language, that BE the language |
‘Our language is the Suriname negro-language, that is the
| fu na moro bigi ipi Sranan nengre (24/138-5 & 24/138-6) |
| of the more big heap Suriname negroes |
language of most of the Suriname negroes’
| Taki san di yu wani, suma sani a no yu sani, |
| Say things REL you want, people things BE NEG your things, |
‘Whatever you may say: Things of others are not yours,
| suma pe a no yu pe, sor' mi pe di f' |
| people places BE NEG your places, show me where those of |
Abodes of others are not yours. Show me where your own are.’
yu de! (24/140-1 & 24/140-2)
you BE!
| he drape, suma na un, san un wani? (24/142-1) |
| hey there, who BE you, what you want? |
‘hey there, who are you, what do you want?’
| |
| |
| |
[Nominal Predication]
Herlein (1718) (pp.280-282): no data
Nepveu (1765) (pp.280-282): no data
Van Dyk (c.1770) (pp.47-65)
| mi blibi joe wan bon maatie fo dem (3/53-1) |
| I believe you ø a good friend of them |
‘I believe you're a good friend of theirs’
| mi no negeri fo joe (3/53-2) |
| I ø NEG negroe of you |
‘I'm not your slave’
| Hoe zan joe memere joe da mastra fo pranasi (3/56) |
| What thing you think? You BE master of plantation? |
‘Do you think you're the owner of the plantation?’
Schumann (1783) (pp.45-75)
| ‘adjabre’, da Djutongo (4/46-1) |
| ‘adjabre’ BE Djutongo (i.e. Proto-Saramaccan) |
‘(the word) “adjabre” is Djutongo (i.e. not Sranan)’
| ‘adjossi’, da Bakkratongo (4/46-2) |
| ‘adjossi’ BE Bakratongo (i.e. white-man's-language) |
‘(the word) “adjossi” is Bakratongo (white man's Sranan)’
| hele da Bakkra tongo (4/48) |
| ‘hele’ BE Bakratongo (i.e. white-man's-language) |
‘(the word) “hele” is Bakratongo’ (white man's Sranan)
| mi de wan muffina (4/53) |
| I BE a miserable-person |
‘I am wretched’
| ‘bassia’, da Djutongo (4/57-1) |
| ‘bassia’ BE Djutongo |
‘(the word) “bassia” is Djutongo (Proto-Saramaccan)’
Stedman (1796) (passim): no data
Weygandt (1798) (pp.91-102)
| A sa dé troe sanie (6/101) |
| It MOD BE true thing |
‘I suppose it's true’
Wennekers (1822) (pp.1-30)
| den alla Drie dee wan Gado no morro (7/1) |
| they all three BE one God NEG more |
‘the three of them are just one God’
| |
| |
| Joe moffo nanga gnade, Da brede foe wi see (7/17) |
| Your mouth and grace BE bread for our souls(?) |
‘Your words and your grace are bread for our souls’
| Gado na hoedoe Koning dee (7/20) |
| God LOC wood King BE |
‘God is the King on the cross’
| den ogri moffo (...) kan dee bigi vloekoe (7/28) |
| the ugly words (...) can BE big swear words |
‘these dirty words may be terrible swear words’
| den dee louman leki den Heiden (7/29-1) |
| they BE fools like the heathens |
‘they're fools like the heathens’
| foe da hede den memre foe ogri, dee zonde kabà |
| for that reason the thoughts of evil BE sin already |
‘that's why the thought of evil is already a sin’ (7/29-2)
Luke (1829) (pp.6-25)
| Datem di Herodes ben de koning vo Judakondre (8/6-1) |
| That-time when Herod TNS BE king of Judea |
‘In the days when Herod was king of Judea’
| Dem ala toe ben de vroom soema na fesi vo Gado (8/6-2) |
| They all two TNS BE devout people LOC face of God |
‘They were both devout people before God’
| Hoe soortoe odi dati? (8/8) |
| What kind greeting ø that? |
‘What kind of greeting is that?’
| A sa de koning na tapo da famili vo Jakob teego (8/10) |
| He TNS BE king LOC top the family of Jacob forever |
‘He'll be king over the house of Jacob forever’
| Loekoe! da pikien disia de wa soema, disi sa meki foeloe |
| Look! the child DEM BE a person REL TNS make many |
‘Look! this child is someone who's going to make many people
| Israel-soema fadom (8/18-1) |
| Israel-people fall-down |
in Israel fall’
| en a de wan marki (wan getuige), disi dem no sa wani |
| and he BE a sign (a witness) REL they NEG TNS want |
‘and he is a sign (a witness) who they will not be willing
versta (8/18-2)
understand
to understand’
| |
| |
| a ben de wan ouroe soema kaba (8/18-3) |
| she TNS BE a old person already |
‘she was an old woman at the time’
| En now a ben de wan weduwe (8/18-4) |
| And now she TNS BE a widow |
‘And now she was a widow’
| en di Pontius Pilatus ben de granman na Judea (8/20) |
| and when Pontius Pilate TNS BE governor LOC Judea |
‘and when Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea’
| Wi de pikien vo Abraham (8/22) |
| We BE children of Abraham |
‘We are children of Abraham’
| Josef, disi ben de Eli pikien (8/24-1) |
| Joseph REL TNS BE Eli child |
‘Joseph, who was Eli's child’
| Eli ben de wan pikien vo Matat (8/24-2) |
| Eli TNS BE a child of Matat |
‘Eli was a son of Matat's’
Cesaari (1836-1837) (pp.292-296)
| Ma, awassi wi no de konniman, Wi no habi trobbie |
| But although we NEG BE smart-people, we NEG have trouble |
‘Although we're not smart, we're alright’ (10/296)
Helmig van der Vegt (1844) (pp.36-43): no data
Grammatik (1854) (pp.5-16)
| da soema da wan boen soema (12/6-1) |
| The person BE a good person |
‘He's a good man’
| Hem brara da djoe (12/6-2) |
| Her brother BE Jew |
‘Her brother's a Jew’
| da tata, disi de wan boen bribisoema (12/11) |
| the father REL BE a good believe-person |
‘the father, who believes’
| Te wi de singi, Gotfried de da basi (12/12) |
| When we ASP sing Gotfried BE the boss |
‘Gotfried is the best singer among us’
| A no de so wan goedoeman, leki Masra (12/13) |
| He NEG BE so a wealth-man like Master |
‘He is not as wealthy as you are’
| |
| |
Focke (1855) (pp.1-18)
| Mi a no dáttra (13/1) |
| I BE NEG doctor |
‘I'm not a doctor’
| Táki réti a no asránti! (13/5) |
| Talk right BE NEG impertinence |
‘To say the truth is not an impertinence’
| Bégi móro bétre léki foefoéroe, ma wróko da bâsi (13/10-1) |
| Beg more better than steal but work be boss |
‘It's better to beg than to steal, but to work is best’
| Soema bére da liba (13/10-2) |
| Person belly BE river |
‘Man's heart is unfathomable’
| Joe da Boasì, joe lóbi mi, joe kóti mi fiénga (13/12) |
| Joe BE leprosy, you love me, you cut my finger |
‘You love me for your own advantage’
| A de foetoeboi gi Mássra (13/14) |
| He BE servant give Master |
‘He's a servant to the gentleman’
Wullschlägel (1856) (pp.1-20)
| dati de wan lau-sani (14/5-1) |
| that BE a crazy-thing |
‘that's nonsense’
| Ibo da wan spele Abo (14/5-2) |
| Ibo's (i.e. the tribe) BE a kind Abo |
‘The Ibo-tribe belongs to the Abo-negroes’
| joe da baboèn-nefi, |
| you BE baboèn-nefi (lit. baboon-knife, a plant with sharp |
‘you have advantage on both sides’
| joe de koti na ala toe sei (14/6) |
| leaves), you ASP cut LOC all two sides |
| dem de spele (14/9) |
| they BE fellows |
‘they're of the same age’
| dati no wansani (14/13) |
| that ø NEG a-thing |
‘it doesn't matter’
| |
| |
| a de mi famili (14/17-1) |
| he BE my family |
‘he's my kin’
| mi nanga hem de famili (14/17-2) |
| I and he BE family |
‘he and I are related’
| a de wan viste na mi (14/17-3) |
| it BE a dirty LOC me |
‘I loathe it’
| a de wan boen wrokoman (14/18-1) |
| he BE a good work-man |
‘he's a good worker’
| poti a no sjem (14/18-2) |
| poverty BE NEG shame |
‘it's not a shame to be poor’
| 'soortoe maniri dati? (14/20) |
what-kind manner ø that? |
‘what kind of behavior is that?’
King Berichten (1864-1870) (pp.16-17)
| da ten di mi Johannes King srefi ben de heiden (15/16-1) |
| the time REL I Johannes King self TNS BE heathen |
‘in those days when I, Johannes King, was a heathen myself’
| Son speri soema de, den nen wisiman, na dati de |
| Some kinds people BE, they be-called witches, is that BE |
‘There is a kind of people called wisiman (i.e. witches);
| da moro ogri sortoe heiden (15/16-2) |
| the more evil kind heathen |
they are the worst kind of heathen’
| Ja troe, mi go na kerki foe bakra kan si taki mi de |
| Yes true, I go LOC church for white-man can see say I BE |
‘True, I go to church so that the whites can see I belong to
| wan kerki soema (15/17) |
| a church person |
the church’
King Maripaston (1891-1894) (pp.51-52): no data
Albitrouw Anake (1894) (pp.28-29)
| Anake dati de wan Domi-nengre soema (17/28-1) |
| Anake that BE a Domi-nengre person |
‘Anake was a negro of the Domi-tribe’
| |
| |
| En den srefi de alaten hoofdkapiten foe |
| And they self BE all-time head-captain of |
‘And they (i.e. the clan mentioned earlier) always are
| Domi-nengre (17/28-2) |
| Domi-negroes |
captain of the Domi-tribe’
| Anake: 1) de wan boen lesiman, ma na ini fini koni |
| Anake: 1) BE a good lazy-man, but LOC inside fine clever |
‘Anake is a lazy man, a true whore, and he thinks highly of
| fasi, 2) de wan letileti oeroeman, ma na ini fini |
| way, 2) BE a true-true whore-man, but LOC inside fine |
himself; and he does all this in a very clever way’
| koni fasi, 3) de wan leti boen bigimembre soema, ma na |
| clever way, 3) BE a true good big-thought person, but LOC |
| ini fini koni fasi (17/28-3, 17/28-4 & 17/28-5) |
| inside fine clever way |
| Anake ben de tjariman disi lési, en nanga Asempe (17/28-6) |
| Anake TNS BE carry-man this time, he and Asempe |
‘This time Anake was to carry (the dead body), together with Asempe’
Kraag (1894-1896) (pp.34-35)
| èn ala den (...) sa de erfgenaam foe den hemelgoedoe |
| and all they (...) TNS BE heir of the heaven-goods |
‘and all of them (...) will inherit the heavenly goods’ (18/34)
| a no de wan boen wan (i.e. prakseri) ma wan toemoesi |
| it NEG BE a good one (i.e. thought) but a very |
‘it's not a good idea but a very bad one’
| takroe wan (18/35) |
| bad one |
Albitrouw Aurora (1896) (pp.15-16)
| da moro bigi ipi foe den ben de heiden soema (19/16) |
| the more big heap of them TNS BE heathen people |
‘the majority of them were heathens’
Makzien I (1902) (pp.1-3)
| so wan hatti (...), disi de wan vijanti vo ala zondoe |
| such a heart (...) REL BE an enemy of all sins |
‘the kind of heart that is an enemy of all sins’ (20/1-1)
| |
| |
| da soema, disi (...), hem de wan gelukki soema reti reti |
| the person REL (...) he BE a happy person true true |
‘the person who (...) is truly a happy person’ (20/1-2)
| We, a no de wan toemoesi dom sani dan vo tan |
| Well, it NEG BE a very stupid thing then for stay |
‘Well then, isn't it a very foolish thing to stay faraway
| farawei vo da Helpiman? (20/1-3) |
| faraway from the help-man? |
from the Saviour?’
| oen ben jeri (...), fa a de wan mooi plesie (20/2-1) |
| you TNS hear (...), how it BE a beautiful place |
‘you've heard what a nice place it is’
| en vo troe a de wan mooi plesi (20/2-2) |
| and for true it BE a beautiful place |
‘and it sure is a nice place’
| Bikasi da plesi de wan bigi sabana (20/2-3) |
| Because the place BE a big savannah |
‘Because the place is a huge savannah’
| a de wan bigi hoso di meki nanga pranga (20/2-4) |
| it BE a big house REL make with boards |
‘it's a big house that's made of boards’
| da hoso (...), di de wan mooi hoso toe (20/2-5) |
| the house (...) REL BE a beautiful house too |
‘the house (...), which is a beautiful house as well’
| da plesi de wan mooi plesi reti reti (20/3) |
| the place BE a beautiful place true true |
‘it sure is a very nice place’
Helstone (1903) (pp.27-36)
| Dem woortoe: voegoe (...) dee werkwoorden (21/28) |
| The words: to point (in masonry) BE verbs |
‘The words to point etc. are verbs’
| da woord ‘de’ (...) dee wan gezelschapswoord (21/29-1) |
| the word ‘de’ (...) BE a accompanying-word |
‘the word ‘de’ (i.e. the aspect particle) is a word that goes along with ...
| a kan dee so boen wan persoonlijk leki |
| it (i.e. the word mi) can BE so good a personal as |
‘it may just as well be a personal as a possessive pronoun’
| wan bezittelijk voornaamwoord (21/29-2) |
| a possessive pronoun |
| |
| |
| Da zin dee wan directezin (21/29-3) |
| The sentence BE a direct-sentence |
‘The sentence is a simple sentence’
| Te dem werkwoorden: habi (...) dee da |
| When the verbs habi ('to have') (...) BE the |
‘When the verbs habi etc. are (part of) the predicate of a
| gezegde vo wan zin dan... (21/29-4) |
| predicate of a sentence then ... |
sentence, then ...’
| Dati dee wan mooi tori (21/30-1) |
| That BE a beautiful story |
‘That's a wonderful story’
| Dem bezittel. vnw. dee dem woortoe, di de soori da |
| The poss. pron. BE the words REL ASP show the |
‘Possessive pronouns are the words that indicate the owner
| eigenaar vo wansani e.s.m. (21/30-2) |
| owner of a-thing etc. (en so moro) |
of something, etc.’
| da woord di dee na hem fesi no dee wan bezittelijk, ma |
| the word Rel be loc its face NEG BE a possessive but |
‘the word that precedes it (i.e. the aspect particle de) is
| wan persoonlijk voornw. (21/31-1) |
| a personal pronoun |
not a possessive but a personal pronoun’
| dan a dee wan zelfstandig werkwoord (21/31-2) |
| then it BE a main verb |
‘then it's a main verb’
| alla soema dee zondaari (21/31-3) |
| all people BE sinners |
‘everybody's a sinner’
| Ma ‘dee’ da wan tegenwoordig deelwoord, te... (21/32-1) |
| But ‘dee’ BE a present participle when... |
‘But dee (aspect marker) is a present participle, when ...’
| ‘Dee’ da wan hulpwerkwoord (21/32-2) |
| ‘Dee’ BE an auxiliary |
‘Dee (aspect marker) is an auxiliary’
| dan a no dee wan hulpwerkwoord (21/33-1) |
| then it (i.e. dee) NEG BE an auxiliary |
‘then it's not an auxiliary’
| |
| |
| efi da sani dee so troe, ofoe efi a dee wan soso |
| whether the thing BE so true, or whether it BE a mere |
‘whether it's really the case or just a wish’
wensi (21/33-2)
wish
| dem kan dee enkelvoud ofoe meervoud (21/34) |
| they (i.e. pronouns) can be singular or plural |
‘they're either singular or plural’
Makzien II (1913) (p. 51-52)
| dem no ben sabi reti jete, san fri de (22/51) |
| they NEG TNS know right yet what freedom BE |
‘they did not yet fully understand what freedom is’
Herskovits & Herskovits (1936) (pp. 150-160)
| A kom teki hem bikasi a nengere fo paiman (23/158-1) |
| He come take him because he ø negroe for debt |
‘He took him because he was a slave for the debt’
| Bofru ben de d'retoro fo bank (23/158-2) |
| Buffalo TNS BE manager of bank |
‘Buffalo was the bank manager’
| Den ben de tu sisa (23/160-1) |
| They TNS BE two sisters |
‘There were two sisters’
| Mi man Dia na wa' tumusi moi man (23/160-2) |
| My male Deer BE a very handsome man |
‘My Deer is a very handsome man’
Koenders (1946-1949) (pp. 138-140)
| Wi ala di de pikin-pikin fu den nengre disi (24/138-1) |
| We all REL BE children-children of the negroes DEM |
‘All of us who are children's children of these negroes’
| Dati wi afo ben de srafu no de wan sani fu syen |
| That our ancestors TNS BE slaves NEG BE a thing for shame |
‘That our forefathers were slaves is nothing to be ashamed of’ (24/138-2 & 24/138-3)
| ma broko broko fu wan tra tongo a no de |
| but broken broken of an other language it NEG BE |
‘but it isn't a broken variant of another language’
| Dati de wan fu den reyde, di meki... (24/140) |
| That BE one of the reasons REL make ... |
‘That's one of the reasons why ...’
| |
| |
| Syen a de te wi frigiti wi afo (24/138-5) |
| Shame it BE when we forget our forefathers |
‘It is shameful when we forget our forefathers’
| |
| |
| |
[Adjectival Predication]
Herlein (1718) (pp. 280-282)
‘I'm fine’
| Jou bon toe? (1/280-2) |
| You good too? |
‘Are you fine too?’
| My belle wel (1/280-3) |
| I very well |
‘I feel very well’
| Jie no draei? (1/280-4) |
| You NEG dry? |
‘Aren't you thirsty?’
| Loeke mie Druije se hansum? (1/280-5) |
| Look my grapes? beautiful |
‘See how beautiful my grapes are’
| Mie jary no grandebon? (1/280-6) |
| My garden NEG very-good |
‘Isn't my garden very nice?’
| Jie no bon (1/281-1) |
| You NEG good |
‘You're not nice (to me)’
| Jie monbie toe moussie (1/281-2) |
| You greedy too much |
‘You're very greedy’
Nepveu (1765) (pp. 280-282)
| mi de boen (2/280-1) |
| I BE good |
‘I'm fine’
| jou boen toe? (2/280-2) |
| you good too? |
‘are you fine too?’
| mi de belle wel (or: belwel) (2/280-3) |
| I BE very well |
‘I feel very well’
| jou (or: joe) no drei (or: dreij) (2/280-4) |
| you NEG dry |
‘aren't you thirsty?’
| |
| |
| loeke mie Druije se hansom (or: mooij) (2/280-5) |
| look my grapes? beautiful |
‘See how beautiful my grapes are’
| mi Jarie no mooij (2/280-6) |
| my garden NEG beautiful |
‘isn't my garden beautiful?’
| jou (or: joe) no boen (2/281-1) |
| you NEG good |
‘you're not nice (to me)’
| jou (or: joe) monbie toe moussi (2/281-2) |
| you greedy too much |
‘you're very greedy’
Van Dyk (c. 1770) (pp. 47-54)
| Hoe san joe tan oppe likki joe dede (3/50-1) |
| What thing you stand up like you dead |
‘Why are you acting as if you were dead?’
| Joe buy joe lauw (3/50-2) |
| You boy you crazy |
‘Are you out of your mind?’
| da tem wan somma sikki anno mos kom na mastra (3/51) |
| the time a person sick he-NEG must come LOC master |
‘when someone's ill, shouldn't he go to his master?’
| a Bon mastra (3/52-1) |
| it good master |
‘it's O.K. Sir’
| Joe buy gi mi wan sopi mi weri alreddi (3/52-2) |
| You boy give me a drink I tired already |
‘Boy, give me a drink, I'm tired already’
Schumann (1783) (pp. 45-55)
| a de fulu tumussi, a de go passa abra (4/45) |
| it BE full too-much, it ASP go pass over |
‘it (i.e. the glass) is too full, it's going to run over’
| mi belle tranga (4/46) |
| my belly strong |
‘I'm suffering from constipation’
| a teki apankra, datti takki, a drungu (4/50-1) |
| he take apankra (i.e. liquor) that say, he drunk |
‘he's been drinking apankra, that means: he's drunk’
| |
| |
| datti krin na wi, dissi njusu Bakkra (4/50-2) |
| that clear to us, REL use Bakratongo |
‘that (word) is clear to us, who know Bakratongo’
| datti morro krin, kaba ‘alla’ Ningre jeri datti |
| that more clear, and all Negroes understand it |
‘that (word) is clearer and all Negroes understand it’ (4/50-3)
| ju no de so poti, ju habi bakka, ma mi no habi bakka |
| you NEG BE so poor, you have back, but I NEG have back |
‘you're not so bad, you have someone to support you, but I don't’ (4/53)
| soutwatra-bakkra de safri, kriolo-bakkra ha tranga heddi |
| salt-water-whites BE soft, creole-whites have strong head |
‘“salt-water-whites” (i.e. those born Europe) are gentle, “creole-whites” are hard-hearted’ (4/55)
Stedman (1796) (passim)
| Massera, we deade, we deade! (5/303) |
| Master, we dead, we dead! |
‘Master, we're dead, we're dead (i.e. we shall die)!’
Weygandt (1798) (pp. 91-95)
| A boen na mie foetroe datie mie sie joe (6/92-1) |
| It good LOC me for-true that I see you |
‘It sure is good to see you’
| A sa boen na mie foetroe (6/92-2) |
| It TNS good LOC me for-true |
‘I will be very pleased with it’
| Da stoepoe glatie foe troe (6/93) |
| The pavement slippery for true |
‘The pavement is very slippery’
| Diesie moro hey (6/94) |
| This (i.e. chair) more high |
‘This one is higher’
Wennekers (1822) (pp. 1-12)
| Joe no lobbi joe boen Tattà na Hemeli (...), disi dee |
| You NEG love your good father LOC Heaven (...) REL BE |
‘Don't you love your good Father in Heaven who is better
| boen morro leki alla-sani? (7/2) |
| good more than all-things? |
than anything?’
| |
| |
| Joe no dee sari na joe hatti foe alla joe zonde hede |
| You NEG BE sad LOC your heart for all your sins head |
‘Aren't you sad because of all your sins?’ (7/3-1)
| Mi dee sari: foetroe mi Masra! (7/3-2) |
| I BE sorry: for-true my master |
‘I am truly sorry my Lord!’
| Boen Gado! joe dee morro boen leki alla sani (7/4) |
| Good God! you BE more good than all things |
‘Dear God! You are better than anything’
| Joe nem moessoe dee Santa (7/5) |
| Your name must BE holy |
‘Holy be thy name’
| mi Gado! joe disi dee morro boen leki alla sani (7/10) |
| my God! you REL BE more good than all things |
‘my God, you who are better than anything’
Luke (1829) (pp. 6-14)
| vo da hede mi ben denke taki, a sa boen, mi lobbi |
| For that reason I TNS think say it MOD good, my beloved |
‘That's why I thought it a good idea, my beloved Theofilus,
| Theofilus, vo... (8/6-1) |
| Theofilus, to ... |
to ...’
| en foeloe tra soema sa blijti vo troe vo hem geboortoe |
| and many other people TNS happy for true for his birth |
‘and many other people will rejoice at his birth’ )8/6-3)
| Bikasi mi ouroe kaba (8/8-1) |
| Because I old already |
‘Because I've grown old’
| Hem sa grani, en dem sa kali hem... (8/10-1) |
| He (i.e. Christ) TNS great, and they TNS call him... |
‘He will be great and he will be called...’
Cesaari (1836-1837) (pp. 292-298)
| loekkoe fa a mangrie (10/292) |
| look how he thin |
‘look how thin he is’
| Awassi mi pooti, tokkoe na troe (10/298) |
| Although I poor, still it-is true |
‘Although I'm poor, still it's true’
| |
| |
Helmig van der Vegt (1844) (pp. 36-43)
| bikassi mi de siki pikienso (11/37-1) |
| because I BE ill a-little |
‘because I don't feel very well’
| Son de tranga kaba (11/37-2) |
| Sun BE strong already |
‘The sun's already hot’
| Joe no de boen? (11/41-1) |
| You NEG BE good |
‘Are you not well?’
| Mi de siki vo troe jette (11/41-2) |
| I BE ill for true still |
‘I'm still very ill’
| Joe no de so siki, no habi fredde vo datti (11/41-3) |
| You NEG BE so ill, NEG have fear for that |
‘You're not that ill; you don't have to be afraid of that’
| Den naauw toemoesi (11/43-1) |
| They (i.e. the shoes) tight too-much |
‘They're too tight’
| Toe kousoe dikki vo troe toe (11/43-2) |
| Two stockings thick for true too |
‘Two pairs of stockings is very thick indeed’
| Da hili no hei noffo (11/43-3) |
| The heel NEG high enough |
‘The heels aren't high enough’
| Da leri de boen na joe? (11/43-4) |
| The leather BE good LOC you? |
‘Is the leather O.K. with you?’
Grammatik (1854) (pp. 5-9)
| Koning dede (12/5-1) |
| King dead |
‘The king is dead’
| Da man, nanga da oeman, nanga da pikien dede (12/5-2) |
| The man and the woman and the child dead |
‘The man, the woman and the child are dead’
| Koning wefi dede (12/9-1) |
| King wife dead |
‘The king's wife is dead’
| |
| |
| Mi pikien Masra dede (12/9-2) |
| My little master dead |
‘My young master is dead’
| da strati doti (12/9-3) |
| the street dirty |
‘the street is dirty’
| Baána dieri (12/5-3) |
| Banana expensive |
‘Bananas are expensive’
Focke (1855) (pp.1-7)
‘It's O.K.’
| Alwassi fa Jéngi droéngoe, tókoe a sa sabi hem hamáka |
| Even-if how Indian drunk, still he MOD know his hammock |
‘No matter how drunk, an Indian will still recognize his hammock’ (13/3)
| Arén brakka (13/5) |
| Rain black |
‘It's going to rain’
Wullschlägel (1856) (pp.1-8)
| da boom dede kabá (14/2) |
| the tree dead already |
‘the tree is dead’
| taki a no troe (14/3) |
| say it NEG true |
‘say it isn't true’
| mi labraka (14/4) |
| I worn-out |
‘I'm worn out’
| mi hatti benauwtoe (14/7-2) |
| my heart fearful |
‘I'm afraid’
| mi banga (14/7-3) |
| I afraid |
‘I'm afraid’
| |
| |
King Berichten (1864-1870) (p.16)
| We, jere now fa den heiden kondre libi de so ebi |
| Well, hear now how the heathen country lives BE so heavy |
‘Well, listen now how hard life is in the heathen villages’ (15/16-1)
| Ma foe den boesi kondre moro ebi libi de (15/16-2) |
| But of the bush country more heavy life BE |
‘But life is harder in the bushland’
| Alwasi na boesi kondre a de moro ogri, ma tog (15/16-3) |
| Although LOC bush country it BE more bad, but still ... |
‘Although it is worse in the bushland, still ...’
King Maripaston (1891-1894) (p.51)
| Ke mi lobi helpiman, kibri wi foe ala den skin lostoe |
| Oh my beloved help-man, protect us from all the body lusts |
‘Oh my beloved saviour, protect us from all the physical
| di no boen na joe hai (16/51) |
| REL NEG good LOC your eyes |
desires that you don't approve of’
Albitrouw Anake (1894) (p.28): no data
Kraag (1894-1896) (p.34)
| Meki den disi kan si taki da makti èn tranga foe joe |
| Make the DEM can see say the power and strength of you |
‘Show these people that your power and your strength are
| bigi pasa marki (18/34) |
| big pass mark |
beyond comparison’
Albitrouw Aurora (1896) (p.15)
| We, da trobi ben bigi gi den so den ben begi wan |
| Well, the trouble TNS big give them so till they TNS beg |
‘Well, their disagreement was so serious that they asked a
| leriman na foto foe kon koti da trobi gi den |
| missionary LOC city for come cut the trouble give them |
missionary in the city to come and settle it’ (19/15)
Makzien I (1902) (p.1): no data
| |
| |
Helstone (1903) (pp.27-30)
| Nowan soema boen (21/27-1) |
| NEG-one person good |
‘No man is good’
| No wan soema dee boen (21/27-2) |
| NEG one person BE good |
‘Nobody is feeling well’
| No wan soema boen (21/27-3) |
| NEG one person good |
‘No man is good’
| Mi dee boen (21/27-4) |
| I BE good |
‘I'm O.K.’
‘I am good’
| soema (...), di no dee tevreede (21/27-6) |
| someone (...) REL NEG BE satisfied |
‘someone who's not satisfied’
| soema (...), di dee siki (21/28) |
| someone (...) REL BE ill |
‘someone who's ill’
| bika da taki no dee krin nofo (21/29) |
| because the say NEG BE clear enough |
‘because the expression isn't clear enough’
Makzien II (1913) (p.51)
| Gadowroko de bigi vo troe! (22/51-1) |
| God-work BE big for true |
‘God's work is truly great!’
| Wroko vo slavoetem ben hebi, a pina soema soso! |
| Work of slavetime TNS heavy, it make-suffer people only |
‘In the days of slavery work was hard, it only made people suffer!’ (22/51-2)
| Wroko na fritem de switi, a habi blessi, a habi |
| Work LOC free-time BE sweet, it have blessing, it have |
‘Since abolition work is sweet, it brings blessings, it
brings a reward’
| |
| |
Herskovits & Herskovits (1936) (pp.150-152)
‘It's O.K.’
| Mi weifi nanga mi p'kin 'e siki ogri, ogri (23/150-2) |
| My wife and my children BE ill ugly, ugly |
‘My wife and children are terribly, terribly sick’
| Kakalaka taki, ‘Mi dede! Fa mi de go du?’ (23/150-3) |
| Cockroach say: ‘I dead! How I ASP go do?’ |
‘Cockroach said: “I am a dead one! What shall I do?”’
| Hontiman, yu kan kom na ini mi hoso, ma yu |
| Hunter-man, you can come LOC inside my house, but your |
‘Hunter, you can come in my house, but your feet are
| futu doti (23/152-1) |
| feet dirty |
dirty’
| Hontiman frede (23/152-2) |
| Hunter-man afraid |
‘Hunter was afraid’
| Dan mi sa go taigi Konim, taki, na siki, Tigri siki, a dede |
| Then I TNS go tell King say is ill Tiger ill, he die |
‘Then I will go and tell the King that Tiger has been very ill and has died’ (23/152-3)
Koenders (1946-1949) (p.138): no data
| |
| |
| |
[Existence/Location/Possession]
Herlein (1718) (pp.280-282): no data
Nepveu (1765) (pp.280-282): no data
Van Dyk (c.1770) (pp.47-75)
| Mastra mi de Mastra kalle mi (3/47) |
| Master I BE Master call me |
‘Here I am, Master; did you call me?’
| hoe ply a de (3/49-1) |
| what place he BE |
‘where is he?’
| Mastra Kiejo de lange ziki man (3/49-2) |
| Master Kiejo BE with sick men |
‘Master, there's Kiejo with the people who are ill’
| Mastra zopi no de morre na battra (3/52) |
| Master, drink NEG BE more LOC bottle |
‘Master, there's no more liquor in the bottle’
| kaba jam jam no de noefe na pranasi (3/56) |
| but eat eat NEG BE enough LOC plantation |
‘but there's not enough food on the plantation’
| hoe py bassia? (3/63) |
| what place overseer ø |
‘where's the overseer?’
Schumann (1783) (pp.45-93)
| ju habi bakka, datti takki: ju habi somma, disi de vo ju |
| you have back, that say: you have people REL BE for you |
‘ju habi bakka means: you have someone to support you’ (4/53-1)
| da somma de na mi bakka (4/53-2) |
| the person BE LOC my back |
‘that person is after me (i.e. looking for trouble)’
| a de na bakkasei (4/54) |
| he BE LOC back-side |
‘he's at the back (of the house)’
‘there he is’ (or: it's there, it exists)
| a ben de (4/60-2) |
| he TNS BE |
‘he was there’
| |
| |
| wan shippi de na bilò (4/63) |
| a ship BE LOC below |
‘there's a ship downstream (i.e. at the mouth of the river)’
‘he's here’
| datti de vo dem (4/81) |
| that BE of/for them |
‘that belongs to them’
| drisanni de dissi mi hangri va kissi, kaba mi no kann |
| three-things BE REL I hungry for get, but I NEG can |
‘there are three things I would like to have, but which I
can't have’
Stedman (1796) (passim): no data
Weygandt (1798) (pp.91-109)
| Wan Masra dee na doro (6/91-1) |
| A Master BE LOC door |
‘There's a gentleman at the door’
| Wan soema dee foe takie nanga joe (6/91-2) |
| A person BE for talk with you |
‘There's someone who wants to talk to you’
| Joe ben takie gie em datie mie dee na hoso (6/91-3) |
| You TNS say give him that I BE LOC house |
‘Did you tell him I'm in?’
| A dee na foorhoso (6/91-4) |
| He BE LOC hall |
‘He's in the hall’
| Mie no sa dee na joe pasie? (6/92-1) |
| I NEG MOD BE LOC your way |
‘Am I not intruding?’
| Soema dée diesie dee aksie na joe (6/92-2) |
| People BE REL ASP ask LOC you |
‘There are people asking for you’
| Da foe oe soema pletie diesja, Da foe mie |
| Is of/for what person plate this-here ø? It-is of/for me |
‘Whose plate is this? It's mine’ (6/94-1)
| |
| |
| Mie deeja heelie boen (6/94-2) |
| I ø here very good |
‘I'm quite alright here (i.e. in this seat)’
| Déjà da wan boen plesie (6/94-3) |
| Here BE a good place |
‘Here's a good place (for you to sit)’
| Dee breede deeja (6/95) |
| There bread ø here |
‘There's your bread!’
| Da deeja da da winklie foe Masra G? (6/105) |
| Is here BE the shop of Master G.? |
‘Is this where Mr. G.'s shop is?’
Wennekers (1822) (pp.1-49)
| Wi Tattà, joe disi dee na Hemel! (7/5-1) |
| Our Father, you REL BE LOC Heaven |
‘Our Father, who art in heaven’
| Joe wanni moessoe dee na gron tappo, so leki na Hemel |
| Your want must BE LOC ground top, so like LOC Heaven |
‘Your wish be obeyed on earth as it is in heaven’ (7/5-2)
| joe dee na blessi morro leki alla oema, è na blessi |
| you BE LOC blessing more than all women and LOC blessing |
‘You are blessed more than any other woman, and blessed is
| dee da pikien va joe bele, Jesus (7/6) |
| BE the child of your belly, Jesus |
Jesus the child of your womb’
| Meki wi begi (...) foe den disi dee na nootoe, na |
| Make we pray (...) for them REL BE LOC distress, LOC |
‘Let us pray for those who are in distress, who are ill,
| zieki, na trobbi (7/12-1) |
| illness, LOC trouble |
who have problems’
| Meki wi begi (...) foe den disi ondro wi hanoe (7/12-2) |
| Make we pray (...) for them REL ø under our hands |
‘Let us pray for those for whom we are responsible’
| Excusie morro no kan dee (7/16) |
| Excuse more NEG can BE |
‘There's no more excuse’
| alla sani disi mi habi, alla sani disi va mi joe ben |
| all things REL I have, all things REL ø of me you TNS |
‘everything I have and everything I own, you gave to me’
| |
| |
| gi datti na mi (7/24) |
| give that LOC me |
Luke (1829) (pp.6-38)
| Datem di Herodes ben de koning vo Judakondre, wan domine |
| The-time when Herod TNS BE king of Judea, a priest |
‘When Herod was king of Judea, there was a priest of the
| ben de vo da speli vo Abia, a nem Zakarias (8/6-1) |
| TNS BE of the lineage of Abia, he be-called Zakarias |
lineage of Abia; his name was Zakarias’
| en hem wefi ben de vo dem oeman-pikien vo Aaron, a |
| and his wife TNS BE from the woman-children of Aron, she |
‘and his wife was one of the daughters of Aron; her name
| nem Elisabeth (8/6-2) |
| be-called Elizabeth |
was Elizabeth’
| We, mi de na mi Masra hanoe (8/10-1) |
| Well, I BE LOC my Master hands |
‘Well, I am at my Lord's mercy’
| En blesi moe de nanga da pikien toe, disi de na ini |
| And blessing must BE with the child too, REL BE LOC inside |
‘And blessed be the child, that is inside your womb!’
| joe bele! (8/10-2) |
| your belly |
| En loekoe! joe sisa Elisabet de nanga bele toe na |
| And look! your sister Elizabeth BE with belly too LOC |
‘And look! Even your sister Elizabeth in her old age is
| hem ouroe jari srefi (8/10-4) |
| her old year even |
pregnant’
| Bikasi no wansani de, disi Gado no kan doe (8/10-5) |
| Because NEG one-thing BE REL God NEG can do |
‘Because there's nothing God can't do’
| Fa dati kan de, di mi no ben teki man jete? (8/10-6) |
| How that can BE, since I NEG TNS take man yet? |
‘How is that possible (i.e. to be pregnant), since I haven't been with a man yet?’
| Tog no wan soema de na joe heeli famili, disi habi |
| Still NEG one person BE LOC your whole family REL have |
‘But there's nobody in your whole family with that name’
| |
| |
| da nem (8/12-1) |
| that name |
| A plati foeloe boen goedoe gi dem poti soema, di |
| He distribute many good goods give the poor people REL |
‘He hands out many good gifts to the poor people who are
| de nanga hangri (8/12-2) |
| BE with hunger |
hungry’
| We, di dem de dapee (na Betlehem), da tem ben kisi, |
| Well, when they BE there (LOC Bethlehem), the time TNS arrive |
‘Well, when they were there (in Bethlehem), the time came for
| vo a meki (8/14-1) |
| for she deliver |
her to deliver’
| We, na da srefi buurti som herder ben de na |
| Well, LOC the same vicinity some shepherds TNS BE LOC |
‘Well, there were some shepherds nearby in the fields who
| sabana, disi wakti dem meti dapee na neti (8/14-2) |
| savannah REL watch their animals there LOC night |
were watching their flock during the night’
| Maria (...) disi ben de nanga bele (8/14-3) |
| Mary (...) REL TNS BE with belly |
‘Mary, who was pregnant’
| vo di a ben de vo David hoso nanga famili (8/14-4) |
| for since he TNS BE of/from David house and family |
‘because he belonged to the house and family of David’
| We, efi joe wani anbegi mi, wantem ala |
| Well, if you want worship me (i.e. Satan) immediately all |
‘Well, if you agree to worship me all this will be yours
| dasani sa de vo joe (8/26) |
| the-thing TNS BE for/of you |
at once’
| en a seni mi, vo mi dresi dem, disi de nanga broko hatti |
| and he send me for me cure them REL BE with broken heart |
‘and he sent me to heal them who have a broken heart’ (8/28)
| We, a go na ini wan sipi, disi ben de vo Simon (8/32) |
| Well, he go LOC inside a boat REL TNS BE of Simon |
‘Well, he stepped into a boat that belonged to Simon’
| |
| |
| Blesi vo oen potiman, bikasi Gadokondre de vo oenoe! |
| Blessing for you poor-men, because God-country BE of you |
‘You be blessed, poor people, because God's kingdom is yours!’ (8/38)
Cesaari (1836-1837) (pp. 292-298)
| Da ouloe jaari go agéen, Da njoe wan de na doro (10/294) |
| The old year go again, The new one BE LOC door |
‘The old year has gone again, the new year is standing at the door’
Helmig van der Vegt (1844) (pp. 36-48)
| Djosno mi sa de na joe bakka (11/38) |
| Just-now I TNS BE LOC your back |
‘I'll be following you right now’
| Hoe pleh da boi de, datti a no kon, so mi kali hem? |
| What place the boy BE, that he NEG come, so I call him |
‘Where's the boy, since he doesn't come when I call him?’ (11/39-1)
| Masra! mi deja (11/39-2) |
| Master! I ø here |
‘Master, here I am!’
| A de dejaso Masra mi miti hem na pasi (11/43) |
| He BE here-so Master I meet him LOC way |
‘Here he is, Master; I met him on the way’
Grammatik (1854) (pp. 5-22)
| No boi stoon de dapee (12/12) |
| NEG boy (i.e. not few) stones BE there |
‘There are a lot of rocks over there’
| Foeloesoema ben de dapee (12/14) |
| Many people TNS BE there |
‘A lot of people were there’
| Hoemenitron joe ben de na bakrakondre? (12/16) |
| How-many-turns you TNS BE LOC white-man's-country? |
‘How many times have you been in Europe?’
Focke (1855) (pp. 1-28)
‘it exists’ (or: he's there; here it is)
| |
| |
| Anansi de na mi foétoe (13/4) |
| Anansi (the spider) BE LOC my leg |
‘My leg has gone to sleep’
| a de nánga bére (13/10-1) |
| she BE with belly |
‘she's pregnant’
| Wan Mamà ben de (13/10-2) |
| A Mama TNS BE |
‘Once there was an old woman’
| Di a ben de nánga bigi bére (13/11) |
| When she TNS BE with big belly |
‘When she was pregnant’
| Dà pikien de na bobbi éte (13/13) |
| The child BE LOC breast still |
‘The child is still being breast-fed’
| A no boi soéma de dapé (13/14) |
| Is NEG boy people BE there |
‘There's a big crowd’
Wullschlägel (1856) (pp. 1-32)
| mi de na bakra ondro (14/3-1) |
| I BE LOC white-man under |
‘I'm dependent on the white man’
| a no de na mi wani (14/3-2) |
| it NEG BE LOC my wish |
‘it doesn't depend on me’
| helpi no de (14/3-3) |
| help NEG BE |
‘there's no relief’
| a no ben de (14/6) |
| he NEG TNS BE |
‘he was absent’
| mi hatti de na tapo tapo (14/7) |
| my heart BE LOC top top |
‘my heart is in my mouth’
| a de vo mi (14/12-1) |
| it BE of me |
‘it's mine’
| mi de nanga djompo-hatti (14/12-2) |
| I BE with jump-heart |
‘I'm scared to death’
| |
| |
‘I'm there (i.e. I'm present)’
King Berichten (1864-1870) (pp. 16-18)
| Ma tog, na den pranasi, pe heiden soema de, |
| But still, LOC the plantations where heathen people BE, |
‘But also on the plantations where heathens are living
| den abi da srefi fasi (15/16-1) |
| they have the same custom |
they have the same (evil) practices’
| We, foe heiden maniri fansortoe takroe libi de, |
| Well, of heathen customs different evil lives BE, |
‘Well, there are a lot of different evil practices connected
| foeroe-foeroe (15/16-2) |
| many-many |
with the heathen way of life’
| Ma tog, da moro bigi sari moe de foe Masra srefi |
| But still, the more big sorrow must be for Master self |
‘But still, the greatest sorrow must be the Lord's’ (15/16-3)
| na mindri foe nengre foeroe wisiman de (15/17-1) |
| LOC middle of negroes many witches BE |
‘there are many witches among the negroes’
| Te na ini foto dja srefi afoe soema de nanga den |
| Till LOC inside city here even half people BE with these |
‘But even in this city some people still have these ideas’
| prakseri ete (15/17-2) |
| ideas still |
| Fansortoe wisiman de (15/18) |
| Different witches BE |
‘There are all kinds of witches’
King Maripaston (1891-1894) (pp. 51-53)
| Ke, loekoe fa mi pôti hati de nanga sari foe na |
| Oh, look how my poor heart BE with sorrow for the |
‘Oh, look how my poor heart grieves for the way I live
| libi foe mi na Maripaston (16/51-1) |
| life of me LOC Maripaston |
at Maripaston’
| |
| |
| En doro nomo mi hati de nanga skreki foe na kiri |
| And through no-more my heart BE with fear for the kill |
‘And all the time my heart fears the murderous practices
| fasi foe Noah (16/51-2) |
| practice of Noah |
of Noah (King's half-brother)’
| En mi nanga mi wefi Magdarena èn den pikin foe wi de na |
| And me and my wife Magdalena and the children of us BE LOC |
‘And me and my wife Magdalena and our children live a life
| wan skreki libi toe, kaba mi habi wan gran Kownoe (16/52) |
| a fear life too, but I have a great King |
of fear, but I have a great King’
Albitrouw Anake (1894) (pp.28-30)
| Gwentapoe dati de na leti anoe sé foe da liba (17/28) |
| Gwentapoe that BE LOC right hand side of the river |
‘Gwentapoe is at the right side of the river’
| Slee na bilosé èn Kambaloewa na oposé(17/30-1 & 2) |
| Slee ø LOC below-side and Kambaloewa ø LOC up-side |
‘Slee is downstream and Kambaloewa is upstream’
Kraag (1894-1896) (pp.34-36)
| en da srefi pikin dati ben de na dopoe leri (18/34-1) |
| and the same child DEM TNS BE LOC baptism learn |
‘and that same child was being taught in order to be baptized’
| ...taki no wan sani de disi joe no kan doe (18/34-2) |
| ...say NEG one thing BE REL you NEG can do |
‘...that there is nothing you can't do’
| son foe den Christen èn heiden, disi djaso de taki |
| some of the Christians and heathens, REL ø here ASP say |
‘some of the Christians and heathens around here are
| kaba taki... (18/35) |
| already say... |
already saying that...’
Albitrouw Aurora (1896) (pp.15-17)
| Dape foeroe kristen ben de (19/16-1) |
| There many Christians TNS BE |
‘There (in that village) were many Christians’
| |
| |
| En wan ipi soema ben dape, omtrenti wan 20 soema |
| And a heap people TNS ø there, about a 20 people |
‘A lot of people were there, about twenty’ (19/16-2)
Makzien I (1902) (pp.1-4)
| Mi no frede no wan ogri; bikasi joe de nanga mi (20/2-1) |
| I NEG fear NEG an evil; because you BE with me |
‘I fear no evil, because you're with me’
| en da hoso vo da driktoro de na tapo wan pikin hei |
| and the house of the manager BE LOC top a small height |
‘and the manager's house was on a hill’ (20/2-2)
| dem man, disi den wefi vo dem de nanga dem na boesi |
| the men, REL the wives of them BE with them LOC bush |
‘the men whose wives are with them in the bush’ (20/2-3)
| Wan muzikanti-hoso de toe na mindri da sabana (20/3) |
| A musician-house BE too LOC middle the savannah |
‘There's also a bandstand in the middle of the savannah’
| Ja no wan placer de, disi no de na ini da fasi disi |
| Yes NEG one goldfield BE, REL NEG BE LOC the manner DEM |
‘Yes, there's not one goldfield without these (evil) practices’ (20/4)
Helstone (1903) (pp.27-41)
| joe wensi soema moe dee dia, di dee siki (21/28-1) |
| you wish someone must BE here, REL BE ill |
‘you want someone to be here who's ill’
| Dem werkwoorden, di de teki hulpwerkwoorden neem |
| The verbs, REL ASP take auxiliaries be-called |
‘Verbs that take auxiliaries are called main verbs, because
| “zelfstandige werkwoorden”, vodi dem kan dee dem wawan |
| “main verbs”, because they can BE they one-one |
they can occur on their own in a sentence’
| na ini wan taki (21/29) |
| LOC inside a say |
| Da man di dee na ini da wenkri, a weeri wan hatti, |
| The man REL BE LOC inside the shop, he wear a hat, |
‘The man in the shop is wearing a hat that's too big’
| di bigi vo hem hede (21/30-1) |
| REL big for his head |
| |
| |
| Wansoema dee, rai soema dati (21/30-2) |
| A-person BE, guess who ø that |
‘Someone's there, guess who it is’
Makzien II (1913) (pp.51-52)
| Ma trawan de toe, disi kom verdwale! (22/52-1) |
| But other-ones BE too, REL come go-astray! |
‘But there are others, who have gone astray!’
| So soema ben de toe, disi ben lasi dem tem vo soso |
| Such people TNS BE too, REL TNS loose their time for nothing |
‘There were also those who wasted their time just like that’ (22/52-2)
| Trawan de, disi ben habi wan krin verstand vo da |
| Other-ones BE, REL TNS have a clear understanding of the |
‘There are others who had a clear understanding of this
| fri en dem njoe verpligti vo fri (22/52-3) |
| free and the new obligations of free |
freedom (i.e. emancipation) and the obligations it entails’
| Alwasi dem no winni foeloe, jete dem tanapoe de na |
| Although they NEG win much, still they stand-up BE LOC |
‘They may not make a big profit, but they're standing on
| tapo dem eigen foetoe (22/52-4) |
| top their own feet |
their own feet’
Herskovits & Herskovits (1936) (pp.150-166)
| Tigri, wan pina de nanga mi (23/150) |
| Tiger, a suffering BE with me |
‘Tiger, I'm having a hard time’
| Tigri dia (23/152) |
| Tiger ø here |
‘Tiger's here’
| Mek' 'a moni ta, taki mi pe Kakaforu! (23/154-1) |
| Make the money wait, tell me where Kakaforu ø |
‘Let the money wait. Tell me where Cock is!’
| Kaka de na ondro bedi (23/154-2) |
| Cock BE LOC under bed |
‘Cock is under the bed’
| Mek' 'a moni ta', taig' mi, pe den de (23/154-3) |
| Make the money wait, tell me where they BE |
‘Let the money wait. Tell me where they are’
| |
| |
| na beki watra di de na ondro na bom (23/154-4) |
| LOC-the basin water REL BE LOC under the tree |
‘into the basin of water that was under the tree’
| Ba Tigri na Ba Konkoni ben de (23/158) |
| Brother Tiger and Brother Rabbit TNS BE |
‘There were Ba Tiger and Ba Rabbit’
Koenders (1946-1949) (pp.138-142)
| suma pe a no yu pe, sor' mi pe di |
| people places BE NEG your places, show me where those |
‘abodes of others are not yours; show me where your
| f' yu de! (24/140) |
| of you BE! |
own are!’
| Den matrosi, di ben de srafu tu, ben de tu na ini |
| The sailors, REL TNS BE slaves too, TNS BE too LOC inside |
‘The sailors, who were also slaves, were in the plot
| na barki (24/142-1) |
| the plot |
(i.e. a conspiracy) as well’
| wan skuna, di ben de fu en masra (24/142-2) |
| a schooner, REL TNS BE of his master |
‘a schooner, that belonged to his master’
| |
| |
| |
[Adverbial/Infinitival Complementation]
Herlein (1718) (pp.280-282)
| Oe fasse nam vor joe Mastre? (1/281) |
| What fashion name for your Master ø? |
‘What is your master's name?’
Nepveu (1765) (pp.280-282)
| Hoe fasi nem for joe Mastre? (2/281) |
| What fashion name for your Master ø? |
‘What is your master's name?’
Van Dyk (c.1770) (pp.47-65)
| Tanki mastra a noefe (3/59) |
| Thank-you (i.e. for being whipped!) master it ø enough |
‘Thank you, master; it's enough’
Schumann (1783) (pp.45-75): no data
Stedman (1796) (passim): no data
Weygandt (1798) (pp.91-102)
| N'jam n'jam klarie? (6/93-1) |
| Eat eat ø ready? |
‘Dinner's ready?’
| A no latie jetee (6/93-2) |
| It NEG ø late yet |
‘It's not late yet’
| Da n'am n'jam sa klarie na ienie wan affoe joeroe |
| The eat eat TNS ø ready LOC inside a half hour |
‘Dinner will be ready in half an hour’ (6/94-1)
| Pardon mie a no dee so (6/94-2) |
| Pardon me it NEG BE so |
‘Pardon me, it's not like you say’
| Dan joe lobie foe dee joe wawan (6/99) |
| Then you love for BE you one-one |
‘You like to be all by yourself then’
| Oe latie joe memree wie dee? (6/101-1) |
| what late you think we BE? |
‘What time do you think it is?’
| Oe latie dan? (6/101-2) |
| What late (it/we) ø then |
‘What time is it then?’
| |
| |
| Wie sa dee na aiti joeroe (6/101-3) |
| We MOD BE LOC eight hours |
‘It must be around eight o'clock’
| A latie so kaba? (6/102) |
| It ø late so already |
‘Is it that late already?’
Wennekers (1822) (pp.1-30)
| alla sani moessoe dee foe da glorie va Gado na nem va |
| all things must BE for the glory of God LOC name of |
‘everything (i.e. all our acts) must be for the glory of God
| wi Lifi Masra Jesus Christus (7/5-1) |
| our Sweet Lord Jesus Christ |
in the name of our sweet Lord, Jesus Christ’
| Masra dee nanga joe (7/6) |
| Master BE with you |
‘The Lord is with you’
| Wi Masra nanga joe (7/18) |
| Our Master ø with you |
‘Our Lord is with you’
Luke (1829) (pp.6-25)
| Masra de nanga joe (8/8) |
| Master BE with you |
‘The Lord is with you’
| Bikasi da hanoe vo Masra ben de nanga hem (8/12) |
| Because the hand of Master TNS BE with him |
‘Because the hand of the Lord was with him’
| Glori moese de vo Gado tee na tapo (8/16) |
| Glory must BE for God till LOC top |
‘There be glory for God in heaven’
| en da gnade vo Gado ben de nanga hem (8/18) |
| and the grace of God TNS BE with him |
‘and God's grace was with him’
| da hattibron, disi de vo kom (8/22) |
| the heart-burn, REL BE for come |
‘the wrath, which is about to come’
| En a ben de vo si, fa santa Jeje zakka kom na |
| And it TNS BE for see how holy Ghost TNS descend come LOC |
‘And one could see how the Holy Ghost came down in the shape
| |
| |
| ondro leki wan duivi (8/24) |
| under like a pigeon |
of a pigeon’
Cesaari (1836-1837) (pp.292-298): no data
Helmig van der Vegt (1844) (pp.36-43)
| A de fo horro vo wakka (11/37-1) |
| It BE four hours for walk |
‘It's a four hours walk’
| Wi sa de na aiti horro (11/37-2) |
| We MOD BE LOC eight hours |
‘It must be around eight o'clock’
| A farra toemoesi (11/37-3) |
| It ø far too-much |
‘It's too far’
| Njam njam klari (11/38) |
| Eat eat ø ready |
‘Dinner's ready’
| A de vo datti hedde dissi va mi moesoe tan? (11/39) |
| It BE for that reason DEM of me must wait |
‘That's why mine (i.e. my order) has to wait?’
| Go loekoe hoe meni horro wi de (11/42-1) |
| Go look what many hours we BE |
‘Go see what time it is’
| A de pikien morro sebi horro (11/42-2) |
| It BE little more seven hours |
‘It's almost seven o'clock’
| Da ben toe horro, dissi mi go slibi (11/42-3) |
| It TNS ø two hours, when I go sleep |
‘It was two o'clock when I went to sleep’
| Go loekoe dan iffi den sa klari noja so kaba (11/42-4) |
| Go look then if they MOD ø ready now so already |
‘Go see then if they're perhaps finished by now’
Grammatik (1854) (pp.5-16): no data
Focke (1855) (pp.1-18)
| A de baäde (13/6) |
| It BE plenty |
‘There's plenty of it’
| |
| |
| A de na brákka (13/17-1) |
| She BE LOC black |
‘She's in mourning’
| A de nánga hem brára (13/17-2) |
| He BE with his brother |
‘He's drunk’
Wullschlägel (1856) (pp.1-20)
| sweri taki a no de so (14/5) |
| swear say it NEG BE so |
‘to deny something’
| a no de vo verandre (14/7) |
| it NEG BE for change |
‘it can't be changed’
‘quite so’
| a de leki mi si boom (14/9) |
| it BE like I see trees |
‘it is as if I'm seeing trees’
| now a de na wi (14/10) |
| now it BE LOC us |
‘now it's up to us’
| dati no kan de, kweti kweti (14/11-1) |
| that NEG can BE, quite quite |
‘that won't do at all’
| dati no mag de (14/11-2) |
| that NEG may BE |
‘that won't do’
| da dati vanoodoe (14/13) |
| is that ø necessary |
‘that's what it's all about’
| a de vo mi famili (14/17) |
| he BE of my family |
‘he's my relative’
| a de na wroko (14/18-1) |
| he BE LOC work |
‘he's at work’
| de na wan poti gebrek-fasi (14/18-2) |
| BE LOC a poor want-fashion |
‘to be very poor’
| |
| |
| de na wan mofina fasi (14/18-3) |
| BE LOC a poor-person fashion |
‘to be very poor’
| a de na hai jete (14/19) |
| he BE LOC eyes yet |
‘he's still up (i.e. awake)’
King Berichten (1864-1870) (pp.16-17): no data
King Maripaston (1891-1894) (pp.51-52): no data
Albitrouw Anake (1894) (pp.28-29)
| Da tori foe Anake de so: ... (17/28) |
| The story of Anake BE so: ... |
‘The story about Anake is as follows: ...’
| Den taki: we, san de foe doe dan? (17/29-1) |
| They say: well, what BE for do then |
‘They asked: well, what's the matter (i.e. what's wrong)?’
| So da gwenti èn bribi foe ala heiden Djoeka de(17/29-2) |
| So the custom and belief of all heathen Ndjuka's BE |
‘hat's the custom and belief of all heathen Ndjuka's’
Kraag (1894-1896) (pp.34-35)
| We, so den doe so leki da wet ofoe gwenti foe den de |
| Well, so they do so like the law or custom of them BE |
‘So they did as their law or custom tells them’ (18/35)
Albitrouw Aurora (1896) (pp.15-16)
| Dati ben de foe si troe na en fesi (19/16-1) |
| That TNS BE for see true LOC his face |
‘One could see it clearly in his face’
| Kapten ofasi, fa a de joe ben doe joe pligti, joe koti |
| Captain how, how it BE, you TNS do your duty, you cut |
‘Captain, how are things, did you do your duty, did you
| da presi? (19/16-2) |
| the place? |
chop the place?’
Makzien I (1902) (pp.1-3)
| Dem kampoe vo dem wrokoman, dem dati no de vo pranga; dem |
| The camps of the workmen, the DEM NEG BE of boards; they |
‘The workmen's huts are not made of boards; they're made
| |
| |
| de vo wiwiri (20/2-1 & 20/2-2) |
| BE of leaves |
of leaves’
Helstone (1903) (pp.27-31)
| Na ini so taki leki disi, da woord ‘dati’ no |
| LOC inside such say like this the word ‘dati’ (that) NEG |
‘In a sentence like this the word dati is not visibly
| dee vo si, ma tog a dee vo verstaa (21/28-1 & 21/28-2) |
| BE for see, but still it BE for understand |
present, but it should be (tacitly) understood’
| now, (na da tem di wi dee) (21/28-3) |
| now, (LOC the time REL we BE) |
‘now, in the present time’
| Efi wi dee (so fara) vo lobbi makandra, boen vo wi(21/38) |
| If we BE (so far) for love each-other, good for us |
‘If we are capable of loving each other, that's good for us’
| Som werkwoorden no dee vo verdrage da gezelschaps ‘de’ |
| Some verbs NEG BE for tolerate the accompanying de |
‘Some verbs don't get the aspect particle de’ (21/31-1)
| So leki fa mi dee, no trobi mi (21/31-2) |
| So like how I BE, NEG trouble me |
‘Don't trouble me right now’
| Dia a dee krin vo si, dati da woord ‘de’ no dee vo |
| Here it BE clear for see, that the word de NEG BE for |
‘Here one can clearly see that the word de is not isolated’
| hem wawan (21/31-3 & 21/31-4) |
| its one-one |
| so dati da ‘e’ |
| so that the ‘e’ (i.e. the aspect particle; variant of ‘de’) |
‘so that you can always only hear the “e”’
| wawan dee vo jeeri allatem (21/31-5) |
| only BE for hear all-time |
| mi dee vo joe speli (21/31-6) |
| I BE of your lineage |
‘I belong to your clan’
| a kan dee (21/31-7) |
| it can BE |
‘it may be so’
| |
| |
| mi dee sondro wroko (21/31-8) |
| I BE without work |
‘I'm out of work’
Makzien II (1913) (p.51)
| wi kondre en (...) wi piple so leki fa a de nojaso |
| our country and (...) our people so like how it BE now |
‘our country and our people, as they are now’ (22/51)
Herskovits & Herskovits (1936) (pp.150-160)
| A bo', mi klari gi yu, ma sidon pikinso (23/150) |
| It good, I ø ready give you, but sit-down a-little |
‘O.K., I'm ready for you, but sit down a little’
| 'A so a pikin, 'a so a sa ta. Na so hem mama na hem |
| Is so he small, is so he TNS stay. Is so his mama and his |
‘Little as he is, so he will remain. His mother and his
father are like that’
| So langa yu no ter' homeni na asisi de, mi no ka' gi' |
| So long you NEG count how-many the ashes BE, I NEG can give |
‘As long as you don't count how many ashes there are, I can't
| 'a moni baka (23/160) |
| the money back |
give back the money’
Koenders (1946-1949) (pp.138-142)
| Dati na so (24/142) |
| That BE so |
‘That's true’ |
|
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