Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde. Jaargang 118

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Jeremy Bergerson
An etymology of Afrikaans mos^*

Abstract - Afrikaans mos is a word peculiar to Afrikaans. Several fanciful etymologies of this word have been brought forth. The one that has gained recognition is that mos is derived from immers, with a shift of stress to the second syllable and loss of /r/ before /s/. It is proposed here that this etymology is erroneous, and that the ancestor of mos is rather to be sought out in Dutch mors and its congeners.

* I have made extensive use of the files of An Encyclopedic Dictionary of English Etymology at the University of Minnesota in the preparation of this article. I am grateful to Professor Ray Wakefield for his assistance in translating the passage above.

1. Attestation and meaning

The oldest attestation of mos in Afrikaans dates from September 19, 1765, published in Scholtz (1972: 144):

doen zij roelof ter wijl jij mijn beschuldig mog ik dat kent wel zien[;] toen wiert dat kent gehaalt[,] toen bragt zij het kent bij roelof[,] toen zij zij daar is dat kent[,] het is mos geen hottentots kendt tot drie keere toe [italics JB]
(Then Roelof said: ‘since you're accusing me, can I please see that child?’ Then the child was brought out; then she brought the child up close to Roelof; then she said: ‘here is the child; it is, as you can see, not a Hottentot child, not even if you looked it over three times’)

It follows that mos has had the same meaning for over two hundred and fifty years. Mos, as Donaldson (1993: 214) puts it, ‘defies easy translation and is ubiquitous [...]. It means something like “after all”, “when it's all said and done”, “this is something you should know”.’ He also gives a series of examples of its usage which will be reproduced below.

Dit moet 'n profyt toon, anders is dit mos nie die moeite werd nie.
(It must show a profit, otherwise, you must admit, it's not worth the effort.)

Dis mos die lewe: lê in die son op 'n Griekse eiland.
(Now that's life, lying in the sun on a Greek island.)

Dit was 'n ek-het-jou-mos-gesê-kyk.
(It was a I-told-you-so (didn't I?) look.)

Matieland. Dis mos studenteland.
(The University of Stellenbosch, that's student country, as everyone knows.)

Conradie (1994: 54) goes a step further in describing the usage of mos. He points out that ‘the function of the particle is rather to make more explicit, in other words to support the context or situation in which it appears. Instead of a prototypical meaning, a prototypical discourse situation is suggested where along certain parameters less typical usages may be found: The speaker tries to persuade the addressee by forming an

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alliance with him/her.’ Both definitions show that mos reinforces a message.

After 1765, mos shows up in several Cape Dutch texts, such as the diary of Johanna Duminy-Nöthling from 1797, the writings of Charles Etienne Boniface from 1830, of Louis Henri Meurant from 1844-1850, and so forth (Franken 1938; Bosman 1954; Scholtz 1941, respectively). Boniface seems to give preference to the variant mus. The variant mis is recorded in the WAT in a citation from 1958. Mus and mis are probably two different spellings of the same form, for the pronunciations of both entries are given as [məs], with [moes] again appearing under mus; the delabialization of vowels is over two hundred years old in Afrikaans (Ponelis 1990: 54). Le Roux (1921: 16) also lists moes alongside mos and mis. The last variant found in the WAT is mors, and its first recorded usage dates from 1828.

In the earliest word lists and dictionaries of Afrikaans, mos is glossed as immers (Changuion 1848; Pannevis 1880 [not published until 1971]; Kern 1890; all reprinted in Van der Merwe 1971).

2. Etymology

Two etymologies of mos have been offered. The first and most widely agreed upon is that mos comes from immers. Its originator is De Bo (1892: 667 under ommers):

Voor ómmes hoort men ook ómmos; ja te Thielt stelt men den klemt. op de tweede greep ommós (dat men zelfs verkort tot mos) in den zin van niet waar, fr. n'est-ce pas? Ommós, hij heeft het gezeid? Mos, ge gaat morgen vertrekken? Ge gaat meêdoen, mos?

Mansvelt (1884) could not have known De Bo's etymology, and from the entry he provides, it looks as though he must have consulted Changuion (1848). Boshoff (1936) cites Mansvelt. Scholtz (1965: 50) is in concurrence with Boshoff and Mansvelt. He (1965: 78, note 3) also derives mos from immers, but this time cites De Bo. Franken (1953, 206 note 72) is another repitition of De Bo, as is Boshoff & Nienaber (1967). Conradie (1994) offers a thorough semantic investigation of mos, making frequent mention of its alleged ancestor immers.

The second etymology is brought up in Branford & Branford (1991: 205). The word is ‘thought by some’ to be a descendant of Yiddish mozel ‘luck’. The source is not given, and the grounds for this hypothesis are not specified. It seems that the two definitions under mos in Branford should rather be entered separately, as the second meaning ‘for the hell of it’ is so far removed from the Afrikaans word in question that they cannot be not related. Gold (1987: 265) deals with this word under the phrase ‘for mossie’, which he derives from mozel. It seems clear that this word is not the same as our mos. Nor does Silva (1994) enter these words as being related. This etymology can safely be disregarded.

Outside of mos being brought up as an example of a reduction of immers in introductory works (cf. Le Roux 1921: 16, 29; Raidt 1983: 95) or in passing as the product of ommers, e.g. Kloeke (1950: 305), no other etymologies of this word seem to exist.

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3. Proposal for a new etymology of mos

It seems improbable that mos is derived from immers. Especially problematic is the loss of a stressed syllable; note the variants beginning with em-, ji-, ju-, om-, um- (see De Vries 1971: 280 under immers; Scholtz 1965: 117 under jummer). Furthermore, none of the available sources testify to the existence of *immérs. The change from /ə/ > /o/ in the second syllable also remains unexplained.

A much likelier starting point is mors. Mors has a rich history in continental West Germanic. Its most common forms are Germ. morsch and Dutch mors, both of which are defined ‘completely’. The WAT's examples of mors as a synonym for mos are: ‘Ik zal een balans geven, want een schaal alleen kan hy mors niet gebruik’ (Kaapsche Courant, 26 Nov., 1828), and ‘Toe jij voor die Vrijstaats Commissie kom, toe het jij nix voor jou zelve te zeg nie; die Hollander Vels het jou zoomaar mors gedaan gepraat’ (De Tyd, 29 Dec., 1870). In the first example mors seems to have either the same meaning as in Afrikaans or that of ‘totally, completely’. It is conceivable that both meanings ocurred at the same time, with the reinforcing sense eventually taking over ‘completely, totally’. With the second example, mors leans more towards ‘completely’, in which case ‘the Dutchman Vels totally outspoke his adversary’ is the idea conveyed.

In the WNT, the definition of mors is ‘ineens, plotseling, geheel en al’. Next to this, there is the comment ‘Vroeger in vrijer gebruik’, which is then followed by examples of the same type as the ones from the WAT: ‘Cinna (trock) binnen Romen...: maer Marius bleef morts aen de poort staen, segghende...dat hy ghebannen was’; ‘Een Winthont...dewelcke...morts de geest gaf’; ‘Was derhalven alle rondende openhartigheid mors gesteurt onder de borgerye; handel ende wandel vol mistrouwens’; ‘Doe ick het...niet, soo is al 't snoer mors los (t.w. dan is onze betrekking ineens verbroken), Want se wil hier me liefde...inbeproeven.’ In these excerpts, mor(t)s mirrors Afrikaans mos both in regards to sentence placement (unlike De Bo's) and meaning.

In Müller (1941: 1302), under the first definition of morsch, we see ‘sogleich, bald, s. murz’. Under murz this sense develops further into ‘sofort, schnell, bald’ illustrated by two examples: ‘et as m. Zeit fir an (in) de Kirch; eich sein m. lo’ (it is high time to go to church; you all are awfully lazy or it is about time to go to church, isn't it?; you all are lazy, aren't you?) from Bitburg. From Geld-Kevelaer ‘wenn de Mensse in Dokters Hand geroje (-raten) on de Mösse (Vögel) in Kinderhand, sin sej m. alt genug’ (when people have come into the doctor's care, and birds into children's, then they are definitely old enough or..., then they are old enough, aren't they?). In all of the aforementioned examples, one could imagine replacing murz with Afrikaans mos without any difficulty.

In Teuchert (1965: 1260), mors is glossed with the variants mos, murs, mus, two of which agree with Afrikaans in form. The definition is ‘gänzlich und plötzlich’. One of the examples looks very much like the latter of the two from the WAT's mors, ‘hadd’ dee mi nich upfungen (aufgefangen), wir ick mos weg wääst' (had you not caught me, I would have been long gone). Here, however, mos could also have the Afrikaans meaning, in which case it would be something like ‘if you hadn't picked me up, I would have been gone, wouldn't I?’

Reinforcing prefixes, to use Liberman's (1987: 107) term, are ubiquitous in West Germanic. Afrikaans is no exception. Rather many such formations are given in Donaldson (1993: 180-182). Sachs (1963) offers a throrough analysis of them and

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cites an extensive list of other works on the subject. Mors appears to be one of these words, as is evidenced by its use in such compounds Dutch morsdood (dead as a doornail), Afrikaans and Mecklenburgisch (Teuchert 1965: 1260) morsaf ‘utterly broken’ (cognate with German murz ab) and Germ. morsch entzwei ‘utterly broken’. For further examples see Richey 1755; Tiling 1768; Dähnert 1781; Boekenoogen 1897; Gunnink 1908; Pettman 1913; Mensing 1931; Deutsches Wörterbuch 1885; Teuchert 1965; van der Merwe 1971: 185; WAT 1996.

The phonetic history of mos < mors poses no problems. The loss of /r/ before /s/ is common in West Germanic: cf. English bass and German Barsch; American ass and British arse (Luick 1940: 1057). The change /rs/ > /s/ is common in Dutch, especially in the southern Netherlands; see Schönfeld (1947: 63). Weijnen (1966: 251) notes it being particular to South Holland. See also (Schuermans 1865-1870: X; Gallée 1895: XVII; Colinet 1896: 50; Opprel 1896: 23; Goemans 1897: 23; Joos 1900: 14; Gunnink 1908: 171; Beets 1927: 219; and Schelberg 1979: LVIII). Both Le Roux (1921: 29) and Ponelis (1990: 39) mention that r is usually pronounced very softly in Afrikaans. Outside of West Germanic, cf. Icelandic fors > foss ‘waterfall’ and others, Noreen (1925: 197).

Mos from mors(ch), belongs to a large family of words in the Indo-European languages. They have the root *mer- and share an original meaning ‘something broken or breaking, a small thing’. These are then subdivided into two categories of pertinence to the word at hand.

Both *mer-d- and *mer(ə)g are cited (Walde-Pokorny 1927: 275; Pokorny 1957: 736-737) as the sources of numerous words. Its oldest offspring is Old High German murzilingun, which means ‘completely’ (see Schade 1882). The development must have been ‘broken, decaying’ > ‘quite useless’ > ‘quite, absolutely’. Words distinguishing measure often lose their specific meaning, cf. English dialectal mort ‘a large amount’, and murt (presumably the same word) ‘something small’ (Wright 1903). One comes to expect that the next step will be simply ‘very’. It is not the size (big or small) but the degree that matters here. For ‘little’ being used adverbially, cf. bietjie in ‘skuif bietjie 'n stoel nader’. Germ. dialectal murz also means ‘something brittle or broken’, but as was shown above, Müller (1941) provides an example of murz meaning ‘sobald, gleich’. Once again, an adverb arises from mer-.

The same root with a different enlargement bring us closer to the source of mos. In both Walde-Pokorny (1927: 279) and Pokorny (1957: 737) mer-s- is the parent of Dutch mors, vermorzelen, Germ. morsch, and others. In Franck (1892) mors is derived from ‘een ouder morschen’. In Franck-Van Wijk (1912) mors is said to stem from vermorzelen, which is either from Early Modern Dutch morzelen > *morzen or from Latin *morsellus, though preference is given to the former. De Vries (1971) concurs with Franck-Van Wijk. Kluge (1883) traces morsch to Middle High German mursch, which is a variant of murc. This derivation does not agree with that in Walde-Pokorny or Pokorny. In Kluge (1889), morsch is entered as stemming from the root murs. Götze, in Kluge-Götze (1934), posits murs as a hypothetical form, with morsch not having been attested before Fincelius in 1566. Whatever its ultimate source, morsch is related to OHG murz(ilingun), Germ. murz, and Afrikaans mors.

I have not been able to find mo(r)s in its Afrikaans sense in any dialectal dictionaries of Dutch available to me (I have scanned roughly forty of them), but the lack of

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documentation in Dutch probably does not invalidate the etymology proposed here. Mors has been recorded in Cape Dutch as a synonym for mos, and the citations of mors from Early Modern Dutch in the WNT, coupled with evidence from Low German, appear to be compelling enough to overlook this gap.

4. The word mausetot

To supplement the material given above, it would be helpful to look at the etymology of Germ. mausetot ‘dead as a doornail’.

Four etymologies of mausetot are on record. Wachter (1737) gives maus-tod, as he writes it, and claims maus- to be a corruption of Gothic naus ‘dead (one)’; thus ‘dead-dead’.

Then there is the idea that maus- could be traced to the sense of ‘dead as a mouse’ (since people generally kill mice) but reinforced under the influence of formations like mausestill ‘quiet as a mouse’. (For more on the spread of these forms by analogy, see Sachs [1963]). Works which support this include Deutsches Wörterbuch (1885: 1831), Tobler (1858: 20), Weigand (1910: 152), Littmann (1924: 58-59), Paul-Euling (1935: 346), and Götze (1953). While Littmann accepts the second etymology of mausetot, he states that some believe maus to be from Hebrew maus (older môth) ‘dead’. Thus we get ‘dead-dead’ once again and once again this hypothesis appears without sources or comments. Littmann is the only one to mention this derivation.

The prevailing theory is that maus in mausetot is a folk etymological interpretation of Low German murs (see above). Given the loss of /r/ before /s/, we end up with musdood. Mus is Low German for Maus; thus speakers of High German ‘corrected’ it to mausetot. The original sense of mursdood is ‘completely, all of a sudden dead’. Proponents of this view are Richey (1755: 169), Tiling (1768: 206), Andresen (1889: 25), Mensing (1931: 678), Kluge-Mitzka (1963: 468), Teuchert (1965: 1260), Kluge-Seebold (1995: 548), Deutsches Wörterbuch (1885: 2591), and Drosdowski (1989, 448). In light of all that has been said here, there is every reason to concur with the last proposal.

5. Conclusion

It seems then that we have the adverb mors and its variants which were known in Early Modern Dutch and in Low German dialects. In some instances it was used as a reinforcing prefix and in some as an adverb. Though its frequency is hard to determine, the form with /r/ survived in Afrikaans into the 1820's. Eventually, the r-less form won out, and the adverb mos gained common currency.

Address of the author: University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Department of German, Scandinavian and Dutch, 205 Folwell Hall, 9 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA

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