A compendious guide to the Low-Dutch language / Korte wegwyzer der Nederduytsche taal

(1706)–Willem Séwel– rechtenstatus

Of Verbs

A Verb is a Part of speech signifying to Be, to do, or to suffer, as Ik ben I am, Ik bemin I love; Ik word gehaat I am hated. They

are divided into Actives, Passives, and Neutrals. Actives betoken the doing of a thing; as Onderwyzen to Teach, hooren to hear, leezen to read.

Passives are such whereby a Person or thing is moved or some way affected, as Onderweezen worden to be taught, veracht worden to be despised.

Neutrals signify properly neither action nor passion, as Vaaren to be conveighed, branden to burn, schynen to shine, ziek zyn to be sick.

Verbs are Personal and Impersonal: Personal, as Ik hoor I hear, gy hoort thou hearest, hy hoort he heareth, wy hooren we hear, &c. Impersonal, as Men hoort One hears, het regent it rains.

Verbs are also Conjugated by several Moods and Tenses. But since I do not pretend to write a Grammar at large, I don't intend to give a particular description of those Moods and Tenses; because some Examples of Conjugation will sufficiently shew the use of them, and what they are. And since no Dutch word can be Conjugated without the help of some Auxiliary Verbs, I will make a beginning with the Defective Verb Ik zal I shall.

The Indicative Mood.

The Present Tense.

	Sing.
Ik zal	I shall.
gy zult	thou shalt.
hy zal	he shall.
	Plur.
Wy zullen	We shall.
gylieden zult	ye shall.
zy zullen	they shall.

The Preter-Imperfect Tense.

	Sing.
Ik zou or zoude	I should.
gy zoudt	thou shouldest.
hy zou or zoude	he should.
	Plur.
Wy zouden	We should.
gylieden zoudt	ye should.
zy zouden	they should.

Note. This Verb hath also an Infinitive Mood which it wants in the English, as Ik heb beloofd het te zullen doen, I have promised that I'll do it. The like can be said of the

Verbs

konnen, moeten and moogen, which may be Englished, To be able, to be forced; and to have leave or to be permitted. But in the Indicative they agree with the English, as Ik kan I can, Ik moet I must, Ik mag I may.

The Conjugation of these Auxiliar Verbs may be seen in my English Grammar: Yet it is to be noted that they are not so Defective in Dutch as in English: for since they have not only the Particles of the Present Tense, as Konnende, moetende, moogende, but also those of the Preter-perfect tense, as Gekonnen, gemoeten, gemoogen, they take to them the Auxiliar Verb hebben, as Ik heb gekonnen, I have been able, Ik heb gemoeten, I was or have been forced, Ik heb gemoogen, I had leave, or I have been permitted.

The next Auxiliar Verb is Hebben to Have; which is Conjugated thus.

The Indicative Mood.

The Present Tense.

	Sing.
Ik heb	I have.
gy hebt	thou hast.
hy heeft	he hath.

	Plur.
Wy hebben	We have.
gylieden hebt	ye have.
zy hebben	they have.

The Preter-Imperfect Tense.

	Sing.
Ik had	I had.
gy hadt	thou hadst.
hy had	he had.
	Plur.
Wy hadden	We had.
gylieden hadt	ye had.
zy hadden	they had.

The Preter-perfect.

	Sing.
Ik heb gehad	I have had.
gy hebt gehad	thou hast had.
hy heeft gehad	he hath had.
	Plur.
Wy hebben gehad	We have had.
gylieden hebt gehad	ye have had.
zy hebben gehad	they have had.

The Preter pluperfect.

	Sing.
Ik had gehad	I had had.
gy hadt gehad	thou hadst had.
hy had gehad	he had had.

	Plur.
Wy hadden gehad	We had had.
gylieden hadt gehad	ye had had.
zy hadden gehad	they had had.

The Future.

	Sing.
Ik zal hebben	I shall have.
gy zult hebben	thou shalt have.
hy zal hebben	he shall have.
	Plur.
Wy zullen hebben	We shall have.
gylieden zult hebben	ye shall have.
zy zullen hebben	they shall have.

The Indefinite Tense.

	Sing.
Ik zou hebben	I should have.
gy zoudt hebben	thou shouldest have.
hy zou hebben	he should have.
	Plur.
Wy zouden hebben	We should have.
gylieden zoudt hebben	ye should have.
zy zouden hebben	they should have.

The Imperative Mood.

	Sing.
Heb or hebt gy	Have or have thou.
hy hebbe or laat hem hebben	let him have.
	Plur.
Hebbenwe or laat ons hebben	Have we or let us have.
hebt gylieden	have ye.
laat zy hebben	let them have.

The Optative or Subjunctive Mood.

The Present and Imperfect Tense.

	Sing.
Dat ik hadde	That I had.
Dat gy had	That thou hadst.
Dat hy hadde	That he had.
	Plur.
Dat wy hadden	That we had.
Dat gylieden haddet	That ye had.
Dat zy hadden	That they had.

The Preter-perfect and Preter-pluperfect Tense.

	Sing.
Dat ik gehad hadde	That I had had.

Dat gy gehad hadt	That thou hadst had.
Dat hy gehad hadde	That he had had.
	Plur.
Dat wy gehad hadden	That we had had.
Dat gylieden gehad haddet	That ye had had.
Dat zy gehad hadden	That they had had.

The Futur.

	Sing.
Als ik hebben zal	When I shall have.
als gy hebben zult	when thou shalt have.
als hy hebben zal	when he shall have.
	Plur.
Als wy hebben zullen	When we shall have.
als gylieden hebben zult	when ye shall have.
als zy hebben zullen	when they shall have.

The Second Future.

	Sing.
Als ik gehad zal hebben	When I shall have had.
als gy gehad zult hebben	when thou shalt have had.
als hy gehad zal hebben	when he shall have had.
	Plur.
Als wy gehad zullen hebben	When we shall have had.

als gylieden gehad zult hebben	when ye shall have had.
als zy gehad zullen hebben	when they shall have had.

The Third Future.

	Sing.
Schoon ik gehad zou hebben	Thô I should have had.
schoon gy gehad zoudt hebben	thô thou shouldest have had.
schoon hy gehad zou hebben	thô he should have had.
	Plur.
Schoon wy gehad zouden hebben	Thô we should have had.
schoon gylieden gehad zoudet hebben	thô ye should have had.
schoon zy gehad zouden hebben	thô they should have had.

The Infinitive Mood.

Present.	Hebben	to Have.
Past.	Gehad hebben	to Have had.
Future.	Te zullen hebben	to have hereafter.

The Participles

Present.	Hebbende	Having.
Past.	Gehad	Had.

The Conjugation of the Verb Substantive Zyn or Weezen to be; which is chiefly used to signify the Passive.

The Indicative Mood.

The Present Tense

	Singular.
Ik ben	Lam.
gy bent or zyt	thou art.
hy is	he is.
	Plural.
Wy zyn	We are.
gylieden zyt	ye are.
zy zyn	they are.

The Preter-Imperfect.

	Sing.
Ik was	I was.
gy waart	thou wast.
hy was	he was.
	Plur.
Wy waaren	We were.
gylieden waart	ye were.
zy waaren	they were.

The Preter-Perfect.

	Sing.
Ik ben or heb geweest	I have been.
gy bent or hebt geweest	thou hast been.
hy is or heeft geweest	he has been.
	Plur.
Wy zyn or hebben geweest	We have been.
gylieden zyt or hebt geweest	ye have been.
zy zyn or hebben geweest	they have been.

The Preter-pluperfect.

	Sing.
Ik was or had geweest	I had been.
gy waart or had geweest	thou hadst been.
hy was or had geweest	he had been.
	Plur.
Wy waaren or hadden geweest	We had been.
gylieden waart or hadt geweest	ye had been.
zy waaren or hadden geweest	they had been.

The Future.

	Sing.
Ik zal zyn or weezen	I shall or will be.
gy zult zyn or weezen	thou shalt or wilt be.
hy zal zyn or weezen	he shall or will be.

	Plur.
Wy zullen zyn or weezen	We shall or will be.
gylieden zult zyn or weezen	ye shall or will be.
zy zullen zyn or weezen	they shall or will be.

The Imperative Mood.

	Sing.
Wees gy	Be thou.
dat hy zy	let him be.
	Plur.
Zyn wy or laaten wy zyn	Be we or let us be.
weest or zyt gylieden	be ye.
laat ze zyn	let them be.

The Optative or Subjunctive Mood.

The Present Tense.

	Sing.
Dat ik zy	That I be.
dat gy zyt	that thou beest.
dat hy zy	that he be.
	Plur.
Dat wy zyn	That we be.
dat gylieden zyt	that ye be
dat zy zyn	that they be.

The Preter-Imperfect.

	Sing.
Dat ik waar	That I were.
dat gy waart	that thou wert.
dat hy waare	That he were.
	Plur.
Dat wy waaren	That we were.
dat gylieden waart	that ye were.
dat zy waaren	that they were.

The Preter-Perfect.

	Sing.
Dat ik geweest zy or hebbe	That I have been.
dat gy geweest zyt or hebt	that thou hast been.
dat hy geweest zy or heeft or hebbe	that he hath been.
	Plur.
Dat wy geweest zyn or hebben	That we have been.
Dat gylieden geweest zyt or hebt	that ye have been.
Dat zy geweest zyn or hebben	that they have been.

The Preter-pluperfect.

	Sing.
Als ik geweest waar or hadde	When I had been.

als gy geweest waart or hadt	when thou hast been.
als hy geweest waar or hadde	when he had been.
	Plur.
Als wy geweest waaren or hadden	When we had been.
als gylieden geweest waart or hadt	when ye had been.
als zy geweest waaren or hadden	when they had been.

The Future.

	Sing.
Indien ik zyn or weezen zal	If I shall or will be.
indien gy zyn or weezen zult	if thou shalt or wilt be.
indien hy zyn or weezen zal	if he shall or will be.
	Plur.
Indien wy zyn or weezen zullen	If we shall or will be.
indien gylieden zyn or weezen zult	if ye shall or will be.
indien zy zyn or weezen zullen	if they shall or will be.

The Indefinite Tense.

	Sing.
Ik zou zyn or weezen	I should be.
gy zoudt zyn or weezen	thou shouldest be.
hy zou zyn or weezen	he should be.
	Plur.
Wy zouden zyn or weezen	We should be.
gylieden zoudt zyn or weezen	ye should be.
zy zouden zyn or weezen	they should be.

The Indefinite Mood.

Present.	Zyn or weezen	To be.
Past.	Geweest te zyn or weezen	To have been.
Future.	Te zullen zyn or weezen	To be hereafter.

The Participle.

Present.	Zynde or weezende	Being.
Past.	Geweest zynde or hebbende	Having been.

The next Auxiliar Verb is Worden or werden, of which the proper signification is to become or grow, as Wys worden te Become wise. Vet worden to Grow fat: But it being generally used to express the Passive, it may be also English to be, as Bemind worden to

Be beloved. Yet a clear distinction may be seen in Ziek zyn to Be sick, and Ziek worden to Grow sick; Ik ben ziek I am sick, Ik wierd ziek I grew sick.

The Conjugation of Worden is as followeth.

The Indicative Mood.

The Present tense.

	Sing.
Ik word or werd	I become or I am.
gy wordt	thou becomest or thou art.
hy wordt	he becomes or he is.
	Plur.
Wy worden	We become or are.
gylieden wordt	ye become or are.
zy worden	they become or are.

The Preter-Imperfect.

	Sing.
Ik wierd	I became or was.
gy wierdt	thou becamest or wast.
hy wierdt	he became or he was.
	Plur.
Wy wierden	We became or were.
gylieden wierdt	ye became or were.
zy wierden	they became or were.

The Preter-perfect. Ik ben geworden	I am become or I have been, &c.
The Preter pluperfect. Ik was geworden	I was become or I had been &c.

The Future

	Sing.
Ik zal worden	I shall become or be.
gy zult worden	thou shalt become or be.
hy zal worden	he shall become or be.
	Plur.
Wy zullen worden	We shall become or be.
gylieden zult worden	ye shalt became or be.
zy zullen worden	they shall become or be.

The Imperative Mood.

	Sing.
Wordt gy	Be thou.
dat hy worde	let him become.
	Plur.
Worden we	Let us become.
wordt gylieden	become ye.
dat zy worden	let them become.

The Optative or Subjunctive Mood.

The Present tense. Dat ik worde That I become or be, &c.

The Preter-Imperfect. Dat ik wierde that I became or was, &c.

The Preter-perfect and Pluperfect. Toen ik geworden was When I was become or had been &c.

The Future. Als ik worden zal When I shall become or be, &c.

The second Future. Indien ik worden zou If I should become or be, &c.

The Infinitive Mood.

Worden or werden to Become, grow, wax, be.

The Participles.

Wordende Becoming.

Geworden Become.

I'll proced now to the Conjugation of an Active and Passive Verb, whereby the necessary use of the foregoing Auxilliar Verbs will be seen; not intending to trouble my Reader, as some have done, with a Story of four Conjugations, according to the Latin: for since the variation consists chiefly in the Preter-Imperfect Tense, all Verbs may be brought well enough to one Conjugation; besides, even that variation in not so regular, that generall Rules sufficiently can be given: for the words Hoopen to Hope, koopen to buy,

loopen to run, sound all alike; and yet they differ mightely in the Preter-Imperfect, as Ik hoopte I hoped, Ik kóft I bought, Ik liep I ran. Likewise, Zweeten to Sweat, meeten to measure, weeten to know, whose Preter-Imperfect is, Ik zweette or zweettede I did swet, Ik mat I measured. Ik wist I knew. And therefore the easiest way will be to learn those variations by a frequent and attentive reading, and dayly speaking if one has occasion to converse among the Dutch. But I shall set down an Example of the Regular Verb Leeren te Lean and to teach.

The Indicative Mood.

The Present tense.

	Singular.
Ik leer	I learn or teach.
gy leert	thou learnst.
hy leert	he learns.
	Plural.
Wy leeren	We learn.
gylieden leert	ye learn.
zy leeren	they learn.

The Preter-Imperfect.

	Sing.
Ik leerde	I learned.
gy leerde	thou learndest.
hy leerde	he learned.
	Plur.
Wy leerden	We learned.
gylieden leerdet	ye learned.
zy leerden	they learned.

The Preter-perfect.

	Sing.
Ik heb geleerd	I have learned.
gy hebt geleerd	thou hast learned.
hy heeft geleerd	he hath learned.
	Plur.
Wy hebben geleerd	We have learned.
gylieden hebt geleerd	ye have learned.
zy hebben geleerd	they have learned.

The Preter-pluperfect.

	Sing.
Ik had geleerd	I had learned.
gy hadt geleerd	thou hadst learned.
hy had geleerd	he had learned.

	Plur.
Wy hadden geleerd	We had learned.
gylieden hadt geleerd	ye had learned.
zy hadden geleerd	they had learned.

The Future.

	Sing.
Ik zal leeren	I shall learn.
gy zult leeren	thou shalt learn.
hy zal leeren	he shall learn.
	Plur.
Wy zullen leeren	We shall learn.
gylieden zult leeren	ye shall learn.
zy zullen leeren	they shall learn.

The Indefinite Tense or Second Future.

	Sing.
Ik zou leeren	I should learn.
gy zoudt leeren	thou shouldest learn.
hy zou leeren	he should learn.
	Plur.
Wy zouden leeren	We should learn.
gylieden zoudt leeren	ye should learn.
zy zouden leeren	they should learn.

The Imperative Mood.

	Sing.
Leer or leer gy	Learn or learn thou.
dat hy leere	let him learn.
	Plural.
Leeren we	Let us learn.
leert gylieden	learn ye.
dat zy leeren	let them learn.

The Optative or Subjunctive Mood.

The Present Tense.

	Sing.
Dat ik leere	That I learn.
dat gy leert	that thou learnest.
dat hy leere	that he learns.
	Plur.
Dat wy leeren	That we learn.
dat gylieden leeret	that ye learn.
dat zy leeren	that they learn.

The Preter-Imperfect.

	Sing.
Dat ik leerde	That I learned.
dat gy leerde	that thou learndest.
dat hy leerde	that he learned.

	Plur.
Dat wy leerden	That we learned.
dat gylieden leerdet	that ye learned.
dat zy leerden	that they learned.

The Preter-perfect.

	Sing.
Hoewel ik geleerd heb	Thô I have learned.
hoewel gy geleerd hebt	thô thou hast learned.
hoewel hy geleerd heeft	thô he hath learned.
	Plur.
Hoewel wy geleerd hebben	Thô we have learned.
hoewel gylieden geleerd hebt	thô ye have learned.
hoewel zy geleerd hebben	thô they have learned.

The Preter-pluperfect.

	Sing.
Indien ik geleerd had	If I had learned.
indien gy geleerd had	if thou hadst learned.
indien hy geleerd had	if he had learned.
	Plur.
Indien wy geleerd hadden	If we had learned.
indien gylieden geleerd hadt	if ye had learned.
indien zy geleerd hadden	if they had learned.

The Future.

	Sing.
Als ik leeren zal	When I shall learn.
als gy leeren zult	when thou shalt learn.
als hy leeren zal	when he shall learn.
	Plur.
Als wy leeren zullen	When we shall learn.
als gylieden leeren zult	when ye shall learn.
als zy leeren zullen	when they shall learn.

The Second Future.

	Sing.
Toen ik leeren zou	When I should learn.
toen gy leeren zoudt	when thou slouldest learn.
toen hy leeren zou	when he should learn.
	Plur.
Toen wy leeren zouden	When we should learn.
toen gylieden leeren zoudet	when ye should learn.
toen zy leeren zouden	when they should learn.

The Third Future.

	Sing.
Als ik geleerd zal hebben	When I shall have learned.

Als gy geleerd zult hebben	when thou shalt have learned.
Als hy geleerd zal hebben	when he shall have learned.
	Plur.
Als wy geleerd zullen hebben	When we shall have learn'd.
Als gylieden geleerd zult hebben	when ye shall have learn'd.
Als zy geleerd zullen hebben	when they shall have learn'd.

The Fourth Future.

Schoon ik geleerd zou hebben

Thô I should have learned, &c.

The Infinitive Mood.

Present.	Leeren to Learn.
Past.	Geleerd hebben to Have learned.
Future.	Te zullen leeren To learn hereafter.

The Participles.

Present.	Leerende Learning.
Past.	Geleerd Learned or learn'd, or taught.
Future.	Zullende leeren Being to learn hereafter.

Here follows the Passive Verb.

The Indicative Mood.

The Present Tense.

Singular.

Ik word geleerd I am taught.

gy wordt geleerd thou art taught.

hy wordt geleerd he is taught.

Plural.

Wy worden geleerd We are taught.

gylieden wordt geleerd ye are taught.

zy worden geleerd they are taught.

Note. If we use the Verb Ik ben instead of ik word, it generally quite alters the signification; for to say Hy is geleerd, is as much, as he is a learned man, or he is a Schollar.

Sing.

Ik ben geleerd I am learned or I am taught.

gy bent geleerd thou art learned.

hy is geleerd he is learned.

Plur.

Wy zyn geleerd We are learned or taught.

gylieden zyt geleerd ye are learned.

zy zyn geleerd they are learned.

The Preter-Imperfect.

Sing.

Ik wierd geleerd I was taught, or became learned.

gy wierdt geleerd thou wast taught.

hy wierdt geleerd he was taught.

Plur.

Wy wierden geleerd We were taught.

gylieden wierdt geleerd ye were taught.

zy wierden geleerd they were taught.

The Preter-perfect.

Sing.

Ik ben geleerd geweest I have been taught.

gy bent geleerd geweest thou hast been taught.

hy is geleerd geweest he hath been taught.

Plur.

Wy zyn geleerd geweest We have been taught.

gylieden zyt geleerd geweest ye have been taught.

zy zyn geleerd geweest they have been taught.

The Preter-pluperfect.

Sing.

Ik was geleerd geweest I had been taught.

gy waart geleerd geweest thou hadst been taught.

Hy was geleerd geweest he had been taught.

Plur.

Wy waaren geleerd geweest We had been taught.

gylieden waart geleerd geweest ye had been taught.

zy waaren geleerd geweest they had been taught.

The Future.

Sing.

Ik zal geleerd worden I shall be taught or become learned.

gy zult geleerd worden thou shalt be taught or become learned.

hy zal geleerd worden he shall be taught or become learned.

Plur.

Wy zullen geleerd worden We shall be taught or become learned.

gylieden zult geleerd worden ye shall be taught or become learned.

zy zullen geleerd worden they shall be taught or become learned.

The Second Future.

Ik zou geleerd worden I should be taught, &c.

The Imperative Mood.

Sing.

Wordt geleerd Be taught or become learned.

dat hy geleerd worde Let him be taught or become learned.

Plur.

Wordt gylieden geleerd Be ye taught or become ye learned.

dat zy geleerd worden Let them be taught or become learned.

The Optative or Subjunctive Mood.

Sing.

Dat ik geleerd worde That I be taught.

dat gy geleerd wordt that thou beest taught.

dat hy geleerd worde that he be taught.

Plur.

Dat wy geleerd worden That we be taught.

dat gylieden geleerd wordet that ye be taught.

dat zy geleerd worden that they be taught.

The Preter-Imperfect.

Dat ik geleerd wierde That I were taught, &c.

The Preter-perfect.

Indien ik geleerd ben geweest If I have been taught or learned, &c.

The Preter-pluperfect.

Had ik geleerd geweest, or zo ik geleerd geweest had, If I had been taught or learned.

The Future.

Als ik geleerd zal worden When I shall be taught, &c.

The Second Future.

Indien ik geleerd zou worden If I should be he taught or become learned, &c.

The Third Future.

Als ik geleerd zal geworden zyn When I am grown learned, &c.

The Fourth Future.

Indien ik geleerd zou geworden zyn If I should have been taught, &c.

The Infinitive Mood.

Present.	Geleerd worden to Be taught, to become learned.
Past.	Geleerd geworden Become learned.
Future.	Geleerd te zullen worden To be taught hereafter.

The Participles.

Present.	Geleerd, Taught, learned. Geleerd wordende Being taught.
Past.	Geleerd geworden zynde Having been taught or being become learned.
Future.	Zullende geleerd worden Being to be taught or to become learned hereafter.

According to this Conjugation all other Verbs may be conjugated; if it be but observed that the Preter-Imperfect Tense of severall Verbs differs variously: for thô the adding of the termination [de] tot the Present tense seems to be the most regular way of forming the Preter-Imperfect, as Ik leer, I learn or teach, Ik leerde I learned or taught; yet a great many Verbs form the Preter-Imperfect otherwise, as will be shewn with examples. And the Present tense is formed from the Infinitive by omitting the termination en or n, as Hooren to Hear, Ik hoor I hear; Deelen to divide, Ik deel I divide; Gelooven to believe, Ik geloof I believe; Leeven to live, Ik leef I live; Leezen to read, Ik lees I read; Beminnen to love, Ik bemin I love; Klóppen to knock, Ik klóp I knock; Vatten to take, ik vat I take; Verrótten to rot, ik verrót I rot; Snyden to cut, ik snyd or sny I cut; Doen to do, ik doe I do; Gaan to go, ik gaa I go; Staan to stand, ik staa I stand, &c.

I. The most Regular way of forming the Preter-Imperfect Tense is, as hath been said already, by adding de to the Present Tense, as

Ik adem I breath.

Ik ademde I breathed.

Geademd Breathed.

Ademen to Breath.

ik anker I anchor.

ik ankerde I anchored.

geankerd anchored.

ankeren to anchor.

ik baar I bear.

ik baarde I brought forth.

gebaard born.

baaren to bear, bring forth.

ik bouw I build.

ik bouwde I builded.

gebouwd builded.

bouwen to build.

ik cyfer I cipher.

ik cyferde I did cipher.

gecyferd ciphered.

cyferen to cipher.

ik daal I descend.

ik daalde I descended.

gedaald descended.

daalen to descend.

Ik derf I want.

ik derfde I wanted.

gederfd wanted.

derven to want.

ik dien I serve.

ik diende I served.

gediend served.

dienen to serve.

ik eer I honour.

ik eerde I honoured.

geëerd honoured.

eeren to honour.

ik eyndig I finish.

ik eyndigde I finished.

geëyndigd finished.

eyndigen to finish.

ik erf I inherit.

ik erfde I inherited.

geêrfd inherited.

erven to inherit.

ik faamroof I defame.

ik faamroofde I defamed.

gefaamroofd defamed.

faamrooven to defame.

ik flikker I glitter.

ik flikkerde I glittered.

geflikkerd glittered.

flikkeren to glitter.

ik gier I squeak.

ik gierde I squeaked.

Gegierd squeaked.

gieren to squeak.

Ik graauw I snarl.

ik graauwde I snarled.

gegraauwd snarled.

graauwen to snarl.

ik handel I deal.

ik handelde I dealed.

gehandeld dealed.

handelen to deal.

ik huur I hire.

ik huurde I hired.

gehuurd hired.

huuren to hire.

ik jammer I lament.

ik jammerde I lamented.

gejammerd lamented.

jammeren to lament.

ik kaauw I chew.

ik kaauwde I chewed.

gekaauwd chewed.

kaauwen to chew.

ik klaag I complain.

ik klaagde I complained.

geklaagd complained.

klaagen to complain.

ik leef I live.

ik leefde I lived.

geleefd lived.

leeven to live.

Ik louter I refine.

ik louterde I refined.

gelouterd refined.

louteren to refine.

ik mazel I have the measels.

ik mazelde I had the measels.

gemazeld had the measels.

mazelen to have the measels.

ik moedig I encourage.

ik moedigde I encouraged.

gemoedigd encouraged.

moedigen to encourage.

ik nader I approach.

ik naderde I approached.

genaderd approached.

naderen to approach.

ik niez I sneeze.

ik niesde I sneezed.

geniesd sneezed.

niezen to sneeze.

ik oordeel I judge.

ik oordeelde I judged.

geoordeeld judged.

oordeelen to judge.

ik órdineer I order.

ik órdineerde I ordered.

geórdineerd ordered.

órdineeren to order.

ik pel I peel.

ik pelde I peeled.

Gepeld peeled.

pellen to peel.

Ik plonder I plunder.

ik plonderde I plundered.

geplonderd plundered.

plonderen to plunder.

ik queel I make melody.

ik queelde I made melody.

gequeeld made melody.

queelen to make melody.

ik quyn I languish.

ik quynde I languished.

gequynd languished.

quynen to languish.

ik rammel I rattle.

ik rammelde I rattled.

gerammeld rattled.

rammelen to rattle.

ik reken I count.

ik rekende I counted.

gerekend counted.

rekenen to count.

ik scheur I tear.

ik scheurde I tore.

gescheurd torn.

scheuren to tear.

ik sluymer I slumber.

ik sluymerde I slumbered.

gesluymerd slumbered.

sluymeren to slumber.

Ik tem I tame.

ik temde I tamed.

getemd tamed.

temmen to tame.

ik tuymel I tumble.

ik tuymelde I tumbled.

getuymeld tumbled.

tuymelen to tumble.

ik vloei I flow.

ik vloeide I flowed.

gevloeid flown.

vloeijen to flow.

ik vrees I fear.

ik vreesde I feared.

gevreesd feared.

vreezen to fear.

ik waag I venture.

ik waagde I ventured.

gewaagd ventured.

waagen to venture.

ik woon I dwell.

ik woonde I dwelled.

gewoond dwel'd.

woonen to dwell.

ik yl I hasten.

ik ylde I hastened.

ge-yld hastened.

ylen to hasten.

ik yver I am zealous.

ik yverde I was zealous.

Geyverd been zealous.

yveren to be zealous.

ik zaai I sow.

ik zaaide I sowed.

gezaaid sown.

zaaijen to sow.

ik zegel I seal.

ik zegelde I sealed.

gezegeld sealed.

zégelen to seal.

To these may be added.

Ik jaag I hunt.

ik jaagde and joeg I hunted.

gejaagd hunted.

jaagen to hunt.

ik vraag I ask.

ik vraagde and vroeg I asked.

gevraagd asked.

vraagen to ask.

ik raad I counsel.

ik raadde and ried I counseled.

geraaden counseled.

raaden to counsel.

II. The next variation is when te is added to the Present Tense, as

Ik buk I stoop down.

Ik bukte I stooped.

gebukt stooped.

bukken to stoop.

Ik doop I dip.

ik doopte I dipped.

gedoopt dipped.

doopen to dip.

ik druk I press.

ik drukte I pressed.

gedrukt pressed.

drukken to press, print.

ik eysch I demand.

ik eyschte I demanded.

geëyscht demanded.

eyschen to demand.

ik fóp I jeer.

ik fópte I jeered.

gefópt jeered.

fóppen to jeer.

ik gis I guess.

ik giste I guessed.

gegist guessed.

gissen to guess.

ik hink I halt.

ik hinkte I halted.

gehinkt halted.

hinken to halt.

ik hoop I hope.

ik hoopte I hoped.

gehoopt hoped.

Hoopen to hope.

Het jeukt it icheth.

het jeukte it did itch.

gejeukt itched.

jeuken to itch.

ik jók I jest.

ik jókte I jested.

gejókt jested.

jókken to jest.

ik kef I yelp.

ik kefte I yelped.

gekeft yelped.

keffen to yelp.

ik kap I chop.

ik kapte I chopped.

gekapt chopped.

kappen to chop.

ik lesch I quench.

ik leschte I quenched.

gelescht quenched.

lesschen to quench.

ik merk I note.

ik merkte I noted.

gemerkt noted.

merken to note.

ik naak I approach.

ik naakte I approached.

genaakt approached.

naaken to approach.

ik oogst I reap.

Ik oogstte I reaped.

geoogst reaped.

oogsten to reap.

ik pas I fit.

ik paste I fitted.

gepast fitted.

passen to fit.

ik predik I preach.

ik predikte I preached.

gepredikt preached.

prediken to preach.

ik queek I cherish.

ik queekte I cherished.

gequeekt cherished.

queeken to cherish.

ik quets I wound.

ik quetste I wounded.

gequetst wounded.

quetsen to wound.

Ik raak I touch.

ik raakte I touched.

geraakt touched.

raaken to touch.

Ik schimp I scoff.

ik schimpte I scoffed.

geschimpt scoffed.

schimpen to scoff.

Ik tróts I defy.

ik trótste I defyed.

getrótst defied.

Trótsen to defy.

Ik visch I fish.

ik vischte I fished.

gevischt fished.

visschen to fish.

ik vloek I curse.

ik vloekte I cursed.

gevloekt cursed.

vloeken to curse.

ik wensch I wish.

ik wenschte I wished.

gewenscht wished.

wenschen to wish.

ik yk I assize.

ik ykte I assized.

geykt assized.

yken to assize.

ik zeep I sope.

ik zeepte I soped.

gezeept soped.

zeepen to sope.

ik zwik I sway.

ik zwikte I swayed.

gezwikt swayed.

zwikken to sway.

ik zwets I boast.

ik zwetste I boashed.

gezwetst boashed.

zwetsen to boast.

To these may be added.

Ik lach I laugh.

ik lachte and loeg I laughed.

gelacht and gelachgen laughed.

lachgen to lauh.

ik tref I hit.

ik trefte and trof I hitted.

getreft and getroffen hitted.

treffen to hit.

III. The third variation is of Verbs that end in the Presens Tense, in d or t, whose Preter-Imperfect is made either by doubling those letters, thus dde or tt, or by adding ede to the Present Tlnse, as

Ik antwoord I answer.

ik antwoordde or antwoordede I answered.

geantwoord answered.

ik acht I esteem.

ik achtte or achttede I esteemed.

geacht esteemed.

ik bloed I bleed.

ik bloedde or bloedede I bled.

gebloed bled.

ik boet I make amends.

ik boette or boetede I made amends.

geboet, made amends, satisfied.

Ik dood I kill.

ik doodde or doodede I killed.

gedood killed.

ik fluyt I whistle.

ik fluytte or fluytede I whistled.

gefluyt whistled.

ik groet I salute.

ik groette or groetede I saluted.

gegroet saluted.

ik hoed I take heed.

ik hoedde or hoedede I took heed.

gehoed taken heed.

ik haat I hate.

ik haatte or haatede I hated.

gehaat hated.

ik jagt I make haste.

ik jagtte or jagtede I made haste.

gejagt made haste.

ik kleed I cloth.

ik kleedde or kleedede I clothed.

gekleed clothed.

ik knót I cut off.

ik knótte or knóttede I did cut off.

geknót cut off, maimed.

ik laad I load.

ik laadde or laadede I loaded.

gelaaden loaden, laden.

ik lust I lust.

ik lustte or lustede I lusted.

gelust lusted.

Ik myd I avoid.

ik mydde or mydede I avoided.

gemyd avoided.

ik muyt I rebell.

ik muytte or muytede I rebelled.

gemuyt rebelled.

ik nood I invite.

ik noodde or noodigde I invited.

genood invited.

ik net I make wet.

ik nette or nettede I made wet.

genét made wet.

ik pacht I farm.

ik pachtte or pachtede I farmed.

gepacht farmed.

ik quist I squander.

ik quistte or quistede I squandered.

gequist squandered.

ik red I retrieve.

ik redde or reddede I retrieved.

geréd retrieved.

ik rust I rest.

ik rustte or rustede I rested.

gerust rested.

ik smeed I forge.

ik smeedde or smeedede I forged.

gesmeed forged.

ik schat I prise.

ik schatte or schattede I prized.

geschat prized.

Ik troost I consolate.

ik troostte or troostede I consolated.

getroost consolated.

ik uyt I utter.

ik uytte or uytede I uttered.

geuyt uttered.

ik voed I feed.

ik voedde or voedede I fed.

gevoed fed.

ik vast I fast.

ik vastte or vastede I fasted.

gevast fasted.

ik wied I weed.

ik wiedde or wiedede I weeded.

gewied weeded.

ik wacht I wait.

ik wachtte or wachtede I waited.

gewacht waited.

ik zift I sift.

ik ziftte or ziftede I sifted.

gezift sifted.

ik zucht I sigh.

ik zuchtte or zuchtede I sighed.

gezucht sighed.

ik zweet I sweat.

ik zweette or zweetede I sweated.

gezweet sweated.

IV. The fourth variation is of Verbs where the y of the Present Tense is changed into ee to form the Preter-Imperfect, to which ge being prefixed and en added to the termination, the Preter-perfect Participle is made: Of this sort are

Ik byt I bite.

ik beet I did bite.

gebeeten bitten.

byten to bite.

ik blyf I remain.

ik bleef I remained.

gebleeven remained.

blyven to remain.

Ik dryf, I drive, float.

ik dreef I drove.

gedreeven, driven, floated.

dryven, to drive, float.

ik glyd I slide.

ik gleed I did slide.

gegleeden slidden.

glyden to slide.

ik gryp I catch.

ik greep I caught.

gegreepen caught.

grypen to catch.

ik kryg I get.

ik kreeg I got.

Gekreegen gotten.

krygen to get.

ik kryt I cry.

ik kreet I cried.

gekreeten cry'd.

kryten to cry.

ik kyk I look.

ik keek I looked.

gekeeken look'd.

kyken to look.

ik kyf I chide.

ik keef I chided.

gekeeven chidden.

kyven to chide.

ik lyd I suffer.

ik leed I suffered.

geleeden suffered.

lyden to suffer.

ik nyg I incline.

ik neeg I inclined.

geneegen or genygd inclined.

nygen to incline, &c.

ik nyp I pinch.

ik neep I pinched.

geneepen pinched.

nypen to pinch.

ik prys I praise.

ik prees I praised.

gepreezen praised.

pryzen to praise.

Ik quyt I acquit.

ik queet I acquitted.

gequeeten acquitted.

quyten to acquit.

ik ryd I ride.

ik reed I did ride.

gereeden ridden.

ryden to ride.

ik ryg I lace.

ik reeg I laced.

gereegen laced.

rygen to lace.

ik rys I rise.

ik rees I rose.

gereezen risen.

ryzen to rise.

ik ryt I tear.

ik reet I tore.

gereeten torn.

ryten to tear.

ik schryf I write.

ik schreef I wrote.

geschreeven written.

schryven to write.

ik schyn I shine.

ik scheen I did shine.

gescheenen shined.

schynen to shine.

ik slyt I wear off.

ik sleet I wore off.

Gesleeten worn off.

slyten to wear off.

Ik smyt I fling.

ik smeet I flung.

gesmeeten flung.

smyten to fling.

ik stryd I fight.

ik streed I fought.

gestreeden fought.

stryden to fight.

ik styg I mount up.

ik steeg I mounted up.

gesteegen mounted up.

stygen to mount up.

ik vryf I rub.

ik vreef I rubbed.

gevreeven rubbed.

vryven to rub.

ik wyk I retreat.

ik week I retreated.

geweeken retreated.

wyken to retreat.

ik wys I shew.

ik wees I shewed.

geweezen shewed.

wyzen to shew.

ik wyt I impute.

ik weet I imputed.

geweeten imputed.

wyten to impute.

Ik zwym I swoon.

ik zweem I swooned.

but the Preter-perfect is

bezwymd swooned.

From these are excepted.

ik hyg I pant.

ik hygde I panted.

gehygd panted.

hygen to pant.

ik hys I hoise.

ik hyste I hoised.

gehyst hoised.

hyssen to hoise.

ik krysch I cry.

ik kryschte I cryʼd.

gekryscht cried.

kryschen to cry.

ik kryg I warr.

ik krygde I warred.

gekrygd warred.

krygen to warr.

ik lyn I line.

ik lynde I lined.

gelynd lined.

lynen to line, rule.

ik lym I glue.

ik lymde I glued.

gelymd glued.

lymen to glue.

Ik myd I avoid.

ik mydde I avoided.

gemyd avoided.

myden to avoid.

ik myn I mine.

ik mynde I mined.

gemynd mined.

mynen to mine.

ik pyp I pipe.

ik pypte I piped.

gepypt piped.

pypen to pipe.

ik rym I rime.

ik rymde I rimed.

gerymd rimed.

rymen to rime.

ik twyn I twine.

ik twynde I twined.

getwynd twined.

twynen to twine.

ik vyl I file.

ik vylde I filed.

gevyld filed.

vylen to file.

V. The fifth variation is when uy of the Present Tense is changed into oo in the Preter-Imperfect, as

Ik buyg I bow.

ik boog I bowed.

Geboogen bowed.

buygen, to bow, bend.

Ik druyp I drop.

ik droop I dropped.

gedroopen dropped.

druypen, to drop, drip.

Ik duyk I dive.

ik dook I dived.

gedooken dived.

duyken, to dive, stoop.

ik kruyp I creep.

ik kroop I crept.

gekroopen crept.

kruypen to creep.

ik luyk I shut.

ik look I did shut.

gelooken shut.

luyken to shut.

ik ruyk I smell.

ik rook I smelt.

gerooken smelt.

ruyken to smell.

ik schuyf I draw or push.

ik schoof I drew or pushed.

geschooven drawn or pushed.

schuyven, to draw, push.

ik snuyt I snuff.

ik snoot I snuffed.

gesnooten snuffed.

snuyten to snuff or blow the nose.

Ik sluyt I lock.

ik sloot I locked.

geslooten locked.

sluyten, to lock, shut.

ik stuyf I bedust.

ik stoof I bedusted.

gestooven bedusted.

stuyven to bedust.

ik zuyg I suck.

ik zoog I sucked.

gezoogen sucked.

zuygen to suck.

ik zuyp I tipple.

ik zoop I tipled.

gezoopen tipled.

zuypen to tiple.

From these are excepted.

Ik buyl I bolt.

ik buylde I bolted.

gebuyld bolted.

buylen to bolt.

ik huys I houze.

ik huysde I houzed.

gehuysd houzed.

huyzen to houze.

ik huyl I howl.

ik huylde I howled.

gehuyld howled.

huylen to howl.

Ik kuyp I coop.

ik kuypte I cooped.

gekuypt cooped.

kuypen to coop.

ik pruyl I fret.

ik pruylde I fretted.

gepruyld fretted.

pruylen, to fret, grumble.

het puylt it swells.

het puylde it did swell.

gepuyld swoln.

puylen to swell.

ik ruyl I change.

ik ruylde I changed.

geruyld changed.

ruylen to change.

ik ruym I make room.

ik ruymde I made room.

geruymd made room.

ruymen to make room.

het ruyscht it purls.

het ruyschte it purled.

geruyscht purled.

ruyschen to purle.

ik spuyt I spout.

ik spuytte I spouted.

gespuyt spouted.

spuyten to spout.

ik stuyt I bounce or stop.

ik stuytte I bounced.

Gestuyt bounced.

stuyten to bounce, stop.

Ik suys I buzz.

ik suysde I buzzed.

gesuysd buzzed.

suyzen to buzz.

ik wuyf I waft.

ik wuyfde I wafted.

gewuyfd wafted.

wuyven to waft.

Note. Kluyven to pick a bone, and schuylen to shelter, have kluyfde or kloof, and gekluyfd or geklooven; and schuylde or school, and geschuyld or geschoolen.

VI. The sixth variation is of Verbs that change in into on, as

Ik bind I bind.

ik bond I bound.

gebonden bound.

binden to bind.

ik blink I shine.

ik blonk I did shine.

geblonken shined.

blinken to shine.

ik ding I cheapen.

ik dong I cheapened.

gedongen cheapened.

dingen to cheapen.

Ik drink I drink.

ik dronk I drunk.

gedronken drunk.

drinken to drink.

ik dwing I force.

ik dwong I forced.

gedwongen forced.

dwingen to force.

ik klink I sound.

ik klonk I sounded.

geklonken sounded.

klinken to sound.

ik spin I spin.

ik spon I spun.

gesponnen spun.

spinnen to spin.

ik spring I leap.

ik sprong I lept.

gesprongen lept.

springen to leap.

ik stink I stink.

ik stonk I stunk.

gestonken stunk.

stinken to stink.

ik vind I find.

ik vond I found.

gevonden found.

vinden to find.

ik win I gain.

ik won I gained.

Gewonnen gained.

winnen to gain.

Ik wond I wind.

ik wond I wound.

gewonden wound.

winden to wind.

ik wring I wring.

ik wrong I wrung.

gewrongen wrung

wringen to wring.

ik zing I sing.

ik zong I sung

gezongen sung.

zingen to sing.

ik zink I sink.

ik zonk I sunk.

gezonken sunk.

zinken to sink.

To these may be added.

Ik glim I glow.

ik glom I glowed.

geglommen glowed.

glimmen to glow, or pule.

ik klim I climb.

ik klom I climbed.

geklommen climbed.

klimmen to climb.

ik krimp I shrink.

ik kromp I shrunk.

Gekrompen shrunk.

krimpen to shrink.

VII. The seventh variation is when ie is changed into oo, as

Ik bedrieg I cheat.

ik bedroog I cheated.

bedroogen cheated.

bedriegen to cheat.

ik geniet I enjoy.

ik genoot I enjoyed.

genooten enjoyed.

genieten to enjoy.

ik giet I powr.

ik goot I powred.

gegooten pouwred.

gieten to powr.

ik kies I chuse.

ik koos I chose.

gekoozen chosen.

kiezen to chuse.

ik lieg I lie.

ik loog I lyed.

geloogen lyed.

liegen to lie.

ik schiet I shoot.

ik schoot I shot.

geschooten shot.

schieten to shoot.

ik vlied I fly.

Ik vlood I fled.

gevlooden fled.

vlieden to fly.

Ik vlieg I flie.

ik vloog I flew.

gevloogen flown.

vliegen to flie.

het vriest it freezeth.

het vroor it froze.

gevrooren frozen.

vriezen to freeze.

ik verlies I loose.

ik verloor I lost.

verlooren lost.

verliezen to looze.

ik bied I bid or proffer.

ik bood I bad.

gebooden bidden.

bieden, to bid, proffer.

ik zied I boil.

ik zood I boiled.

gezooden boiled.

zieden to boil.

From these are excepted.

Ik nies I sneeze.

ik niesde I sneezed.

geniesd sneezed.

niezen to sneeze.

Ik wieg I rock

ik wiegde I rocked.

gewiegd rocked.

wiegen to rock.

VIII. The eighth variation is when ee is changed into a, the Participle being Irregular, as

Ik breek I break

ik brak I broke.

gebroken broke.

breeken to break.

ik beveel I command.

ik beval I commanded.

bevolen commanded.

beveelen to command.

ik eet I eat.

ik at I did eat.

gegeeten eaten.

eeten to eat.

ik geef I give.

ik gaf I gave.

gegeeven given.

geeven to give.

ik genees I heal.

ik genas I healed.

geneezen healed.

geneezen to heal.

ik lees I read.

ik las I did read.

Geleezen read.

leezen to read.

Ik meet I measure.

ik mat I measured.

gemeeten measured.

meeten to measure.

ik neem I take.

ik nam I took.

genomen taken.

neemen to take.

ik spreek I speak.

ik sprak I spoke.

gesproken spoken.

spreeken to speak.

ik steek I stick or stab.

ik stak I stuck.

gestoken stuck.

steeken to stick or stab.

ik steel I steal.

ik stal I stole.

gestolen stoln.

steelen to steal.

ik treed I tread.

ik trad I trode.

getreeden trodden.

treeden to tread.

ik vergeet I forget.

ik vergat I forgot.

vergeeten forgotten.

vergeeten to forget.

Ik vreet I devoure.

ik vrat I devoured.

gevreeten devoured.

vreeten to devoure.

From these are excepted.

Ik beef I tremble.

ik beefde I trembled.

gebeefd trembled.

beeven to tremble.

ik deel I divide.

ik deelde I divided.

gedeeld divided.

deelen to divide.

ik eer I honour.

ik eerde I honoured.

geëerd honoured.

eeren to honour.

ik kleed I cloth.

ik kleedde I clothed.

gekleed clothed.

kleeden to cloth.

ik leef I live.

ik leefde I lived.

geleefd lived.

leeven to live.

ik leer I learn.

ik leerde I learned.

geleerd learned.

leeren to learn.

Ik queel I sing or make melody.

ik queelde I sung.

gequeeld sung.

queelen to sing or make melody.

ik sneef I am kill'd

hy sneefde he was kill'd.

gesneefd killed.

sneeven to be killed.

Ik smeer I smear.

ik smeerde I smeared.

gesmeerd smeared.

smeeren to smear.

ik streef I strive or endeavour.

ik streefde I strove.

gestreefd striven.

streeven to strive.

ik veeg I sweep.

ik veegde I swept.

geveegd swept.

veegen to sweep.

ik vrees I fear.

ik vreesde I feared.

gevreesd feared.

vreezen to fear.

ik weef I weave.

ik weefde I wove.

geweeven woven.

weeven to weave.

ik zweet I sweat.

ik zweette I sweated.

gezweet sweated.

zweeten to sweat.

By these eight variations and their severall exceptions it appears sufficiently how absurd it is, to limit the Dutch to four Conjugations according to the Latin, as some have endeavoured to do: for if one does but know how to Conjugate one Verb, he may Conjugate them all, if once he has learned their Preter-Imperfect tense and the Preter-perfect Participle: and therefore I have gathered a great many of them, thereby to facilitate the method of learning. In the mean while the learner may observe that the Syllable [ge] is the general signe of the Preter-perfect Participle: yet the Verbs beginning with be, ge and ver are excepted from this rule, as Beminnen to Love, bemind loved; Begeeren to desire, begeerd desired; Bezoeken to visit, bezócht visited. Gebruyken to use, gebruykt used; Gelooven to believe, geloofd believed; Geschieden to happen, geschied happened. Verachten to despise, veracht despised; Verslinden to devour, verslonden devoured; Verteeren to consume, verteerd consumed.

In compounded words this Syllable ge is placed after the Preposition, as Aanwyzen to shew, aangeweezen shewed; Afbreeken

to break off, afgebrooken broken off; Doorbreeken to break through, doorgebroken broken through; Ingaan to enter, ingegaan entered; Mededeelen to communicate, medegedeeld communicated; Neerslaan to strike down, neergeslagen struck down; Naaspeuren to trace, naagespeurd traced; Omkeeren to overturn, omgekeerd overturned; Ophouden to cease, opgehouden ceased; Overzetten to translate, overgezét translated; Toeschryven to ascribe, toegeschreeven ascribed; Uytwerpen to cast out, uytgeworpen cast out; Voorstellen to propound, voorgesteld propounded; Voortbrengen to produce, voortgebragt produced; Wederkomen to come again, wedergekomen come again; t'Zamenstellen to compose, t'zamengesteld composed.

Yet there are a great many compounded Verbs that quite reject this Ge, as Doorgronden to penetrate, doorgrond penetrated; Doorschieten to shoot throw, doorschooten shot thorow; for doorgeschooten is partitioned with wainscot. Erbarmen to pity, erbarmd pityed; herstellen to restore, hersteld restored; Omringen to surround, omringd surrounded; Ondervinden to experience, ondervonden experienced; Onderwerpen to subject, onderworpen subject, obnoxious; Ontkennen to deny, ontkend denied; Onthoofden to behead, onthoofd beheaded; Vol-

harden to persevere, volhard persevered; Volbrengen to perform, volbragt performed; Wederleggen to reply, wederlegd replied.

There are also several compounded Verbs whose Preter-perfect Particle and Infinitive are both alike, as Doorloopen to run thorow and ran thorow, doorstooten to pierce thorow and pierced thorow, geneezen to heal and healed, herroepen to recall and recalled, onthouden to remember and remembred, ontkomen to escape and escaped; ontloopen to out run and outran; ontslaapen to decease and deceased, verlaaten to abandon and abandoned, &c.

It must be observed also that the Prepositions of compounded Verbs are very often seperated from them, except in the Infinitive and Subjunctive Mood; but in the Indicative Mood it is very frequent, as Wy gingen t'zamen, We went together; Wy quamen aan't huys, we came to the house; Hy week van den Heere af, he departed from the Lord; Ik wys veele zaaken, die andere voorby gegaan hebben, aan, I shew many things that others have past by. But if these phrases be changed into the Optative or Subjunctive Mood, there is no separation, as Ik wenschte dat wy t'zaamengingen; I wished we went together; 't Was laat eer wy daar

aanquamen, it was late before we came thither; Hy ontkende dat hy daar van afweek, he denied that he departed from it; 't Is een zwaarder werk dan veele denken, dat ik alles omstandiglyk dus aanwyze, It is a harder task than many think, to shew every thing so circumstantially.

Examples of certain Verbs that are Irregular, not falling under the foregoing rules.

Ik bak I bake.

ik bakte I baked.

gebakken (and not gebakt) baked.

bakken to bake.

ik blaas I blow.

ik blies I blew.

geblaazen blown.

blaazen to blow.

ik bederf I spoil.

ik bedurf I spoiled.

bedurven spoiled.

bederven to spoil.

ik bid I pray.

ik bad I prayed.

gebeden prayed.

bidden to pray.

ik braad I rost.

ik bried or braadde I rosted.

gebraaden rosted.

Braaden to rost.

Ik breng I bring.

ik bragt or brógt I brought.

gebragt brought.

brengen to bring.

ik denk I think.

ik dacht I thaught.

gedacht thought.

denken to think.

Ik doe I do.

ik deed I did

gedaan done.

doen to do.

ik draag I carry.

ik droeg I carried.

gedraagen carry'd.

draagen to carry.

ik gaa I go.

ik ging I went.

gegaan gone.

gaan to go.

ik hang I hang.

ik hing I hung.

gehangen hung and hang'd.

hangen to hang.

ik heb I have.

ik had I had.

gehad had.

hebben to have.

ik help I help

Ik hielp or hulp I helped.

gehulpen helped.

helpen to help.

Ik hou I hold.

ik hield I held.

gehouden held.

houden to hold.

ik houw I chop.

ik hieuw I chopt.

gehouwen chopt.

houwen to chop.

ik jaag I hunt.

ik joeg I hunted.

gejaagd hunted.

jaagen to hunt.

ik kan I can.

ik kon I could.

gekonnen could.

konnen to be able.

ik kom I com.

ik quam I came.

gekomen come.

komen to come.

ik koop I buy.

ik kóft or kógt I boughr.

gekóft bought.

koopen to buy.

ik laat I leave.

ik liet I left.

gelaaten left.

Laaten, to leave, let.

Ik lach I laugh

ik loeg or lachte I laughed.

gelachgen laughed.

lachgen to laugh.

ik leg I ly.

ik lag I lay.

gelegen lain.

leggen to lay.

ik leg I lay.

ik leyd I laid.

gelegd or geleyd laid.

leggen to lay.

ik loop I run.

ik liep I ran.

geloopen run.

loopen to run.

ik mag I may.

ik mogt I might.

gemoogen been permitted.

moogen to be permitted.

ik melk I milk.

ik molk I milked.

gemolken milked.

melken to milk.

ik moet I must, I ought.

ik most I was forced.

gemoeten been forced.

moeten to be forced.

ik raad I counsel

Ik ried or raadde I counseled.

geraaden counseled.

raaden to counsel.

Ik roep I call.

ik riep I called.

geroepen called.

roepen to call.

ik scheer I shave.

ik schoor I shaved.

geschooren I shaved.

scheeren, to shave, shear.

ik schep I create.

ik schiep I created.

geschapen created.

scheppen to create.

Note. When Scheppen signifies to draw or scoop, than it hath schepte and geschept.

Ik scheld I scold.

ik schold I did scold.

gescholden scolded.

schelden to scold.

ik slaa I beat.

ik sloeg I did beat.

geslagen beaten.

slaan to beat.

ik slaap I sleep.

ik sliep I slept.

geslaapen slept.

Slaapen to sleep.

Ik smelt I melt.

ik smolt I melted.

gesmolten molten.

smelten to melt.

ik staa I stand.

ik stond I stood.

gestaan stood.

staan to stand.

ik sterf I die.

ik stierf or sturf I died.

gesturven or gestorven died.

sterven to die.

ik stoot I push.

ik stiet I pushed.

gestooten pushed.

stooten to push.

ik trek I draw.

ik trok I drew.

getrokken drawn.

trekken to draw.

ik vaar I am conveighed.

ik voer I was conveighed.

gevaaren been conveighed.

vaaren to be conveighed, to fare.

ik val I fall.

ik viel I fell.

gevallen faln.

vallen to fall.

Ik vang I catch.

ik ving I caught.

gevangen caught.

vangen to catch.

ik vecht I fight.

ik vocht I fought.

gevochten fought.

vechten to fight.

ik verlaat I abandon.

ik verliet I abandoned.

verlaaten abandoned.

verlaaten to abandon.

ik vlecht I twist.

ik vlocht I twisted.

gevlochten twisted.

vlechten to twist.

ik vraag I ask.

ik vroeg I asked.

gevraagd asked.

vraagen to ask.

ik was I grow.

ik wies I grew.

gewassen grown.

wassen to grow.

ik wasch I wash.

ik wiesch or waschte I washed.

gewasschen washed.

wasschen, to wash.

ik weet I know.

ik wist I knew.

Geweeten known.

weeten to know.

Ik weeg I weigh.

ik woog I weighed.

gewoogen weighed.

weegen to weigh.

ik werf I levy.

ik wierf or wurf I levied.

geworven levied.

werven to levy, to list soldiers.

ik werk I work.

ik wrócht or werkte I wrought.

gewrócht or gewerkt wrought.

werken to work.

ik werp I throw.

ik wierp I threw.

geworpen thrown.

werpen to throw.

ik word I become.

ik wierd I became.

geworden become.

worden to become.

ik wreek I revenge.

ik wreekte I revenged.

gewroken revenged.

wreeken to revenge.

ik zeg I say.

ik zeyd I said.

gezegd or gezeyd said

Zeggen to say.

Ik zend I send.

ik zond I did send.

gezonden sent.

zenden to send.

ik zie I see.

ik zag I saw.

gezien seen.

zien to see.

ik zit I sit.

ik zat I sate

gezeeten sate.

zitten to sit.

ik zoek I seek.

ik zócht I sought

gezócht sought.

zoeken to seek.

ik zweer I swear.

ik zwoor I swore.

gezwooren sworn.

zweeren to swear.

ik zwel I swell.

ik zwol I did swell.

gezwollen swoln.

zwellen to swell.

ik zwelg I swallow.

ik zwolg I swallowed.

gezwolgen swallowed.

zwelgen to swallow.

Some of these Irregular Verbs might be brought under one head, as Bid, zit. Blaas, laat, slaap. Braad, raad. Bederf, sterf, werf, werp. Draag, vaar, vraag. Hang, vang. Loop, stoot. Melk, scheld, smelt, vecht, zend, zwel, zwelg. and Scheer, weeg.

Impersonal Verbs

Are onely conjugated in the third person, and are known by the setting the Particle het before them: some being Active, as

Het regent It rains.

het regende it did rain.

het heeft geregend it has rained.

het had geregend it had rained.

het zal régenen it shall rain.

laat het régenen let it rain.

Het behoort It ought.

het schynt it seems.

het blykt it appears.

het vriest it freezeth.

het waait it bloweth.

het dondert it thunders.

And some being Passive, as

Het berouwt my I repent of it.

het walgt my it lotheth me.

het spyt my I am sorry for it.

het verdriet my It irketh me.

het jammert my it grieveth me.

het lust my, it delights me, I have a mind, I like it.

Severall Personal Verbs are also changed into Impersonals by setting the Particle men before the third person, as

Men zegt, It is said, men say, it is reported.

men hoort, one hears, we hear.

men kon 't niet zien, one could not see it.

men zeyd dat men 't niet wist, they said that they did not know it.

men mag 't wel weeten? may it be known, may we know it?

men hoeft'er geen geloof aan te slaan, there is no credit to be given to it.

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