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Index
Abenitanta: in banya, 17 |
Acculturation: in colonial society, 183; in Surinam, 183, 184 |
Actors: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; in lobisingi, 18 |
Adensi (mother of Johannes King), 116 |
Adjectives: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Adrai, Noah (Matuari chief), 116, 118; foundation of Maripaston, 117; and
Johannes King, 117, 118 |
Adverb: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Aflaw: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; in lobisingi, 18; high morals, 18;
pregnancy, 18 |
Afrankeri: in banya, 17; in laku, 17 |
Africa: slaves from, 1; tales of slavery starting in, 78; English pidgin
in, 276; Portuguese pidgin in, 276 |
African-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 3,275; in Saramaccan Creole, 4;
for cultic purposes, 51, 53n |
African elements: in winti songs, 59n; in children's play songs, 59n; in
day names, 151n; in proverbs, 169n |
African gods: kromanti, 51, 52-53, 221n. See also
Deities; Kromanti |
African origin: of the Ondrofenitori, 78; Creole denial of, 136; of
Surinam Creole verbs, 274 |
African rituals: for cultic purposes, 51 |
Afro-Portuguese pidgin: on African coast, 3; on the plantation, 277;
oldest source of Surinam Creole, 277; of slaves, 284 |
Agida drum: in winti performance, 57n. See also Drums |
Akademi: plantation, 19; laku group, 19 |
Akantamasu (evil spirit), 239n, 263n. See also Deities |
Akra. See Kra |
Akuba, Magdalena (Johannes King's wife), 117 |
Allusions: in banya, 19; in laku, 19; in lobisingi, 20 |
Amba (day name), 151n. See also Day names |
Amekisani: in laku, 19, 37n |
Amemba (day name), 233n. See also Day names |
Anáä, 73n |
Anamu, 223n |
Anan, 73n |
Anana: creator, 52; human beings reaching, 52; mentioned in prayers, 52;
songs in honor of, 52; church hymns in honor of, 52n; the Bible as book of;
52n; as sky god, 53n. See also Deities; Sky gods |
Anansi: as trickster hero, 77-78 |
Anansitori, 77; type of folktale, 77; as entertainment, 77; distinction
between Ondrofenitori and, 77; collections of, 77-78; background, 78; with
human characters, 79; presented as fiction, 79 |
Ancestor cult: in Creole society, 17; banya performance, 17; yorkabanya,
17; songs used in, 51; children's songs in, 51; yorka, 51, 54; kabra yorka,
54; identification of song, 54; susa, 54n; song text, 60; storytelling, 76 |
Anda, 245n |
Animals: in folktales, 78 |
Animal story: explaining a banya performance, 79; text, 108-14 |
Ansubangi (place name), 71n |
Anthologies: De Tsjerne (Frisian), 12, |
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165n, 185; Schwarzer Orpheus (German),
153n; Meesters der Negervertelkunst (Dutch), 165n; Wortoe d'e tan abra, 217n |
Apinti (drum), 199n, 231n. See also Drums |
Apskraps: Dutch-derived item, 41n |
Arawak Indians, 1 |
A reddi: English-derived item, 283 |
Arede: English-derived item, 283 |
Arusubanya (rapids), 199n |
Arwepi (bead), 223n |
Asabi, 211n |
Asian immigrants: need for, 8; in the Creole community, 8; assimilation,
8; languages, 11; in laku performance, 17; and British high commissioner,
19, 37n |
Asringri: in banya, 17 |
Assimilation policy: in education, 8, 9; effects on personality, 13;
effects on Surinam Creole literature, 13; and Surinamese students in
Holland, 10, 164; Vidia Naipaul on, 184. See also
Government |
Audience: participation, 76; interruption, 76-77; instruction, 78;
influencing the narrator, 79 |
Awaradan (alley in Paramaribo), 223n |
Awese: collection of poems, 217n; forms in non-Christian religion, 221n |
Aysa: other names, 18, 221n; nyanfaro, 18; identification of songs in
honor of, 18, 19; song texts, 22, 34; importance, 51; heading the ceremony,
52; ritual ceremony in honor of, 163n |
Babel, Jacob (Broos-negro narrator), 79 |
Backyard, 136n |
Bakadina: English-derived item, 283 |
Bakafutu-banya: type of banya, 17 |
Bakagron, 83n |
Bakaman, 39n |
Bakru (evil spirits), 239n. See also Deities |
Balata bleeders: ballad (text), 70-72 |
Baljaar: Du society changing into, 15n |
Bamborita (shirt), 239n |
Banya: as special type of song and dance, 16; Comvalius's hypothesis on,
16; musical comedy, 17; types, 17; in honor of ancestors, 17; characters,
17; singers, 17; actors, 17; spectators, 17, 19; description, 17; kwakwa,
17, 18; parts of, 18, 19, 79; komparsi, 18; religious preparation, 18;
nyanfaro, 18; examples of songs, 18-19; songs in honor of earth mother, 18;
song texts, 22-32; function of bakaman, 39n; description in an animal story,
79; drum playing, 79 |
Barbados: Francis, Lord Willoughby, governor of, 2; colony recaptured by,
2; slaves from, 284 |
Bar maske: kind of winti performance, 53 |
Basic verbs: in Surinam Creole, 274 |
Basic vocabulary items: in Surinam Creole, 3-4; in Saramaccan Creole, 4 |
Basya: black overseer, 19; creolization of ‘overseer,’ 169n |
Basya Pataka: play, 166-67; hero in slavery time, 167; historical
background, 167; text, 168-80 |
Begi (religious association), 54 |
Belwel: English-derived item, 283 |
Betkayn (Jewish cemetery), 225n |
Bible: book of Anana, 52n; and language of Johannes King, 118 |
Big drum: differences in playing, 79 |
Birthday: songs used at parties, 54; song text, 62; special, 265n |
Boats: in laku, 17, 18, 19; kinds of, 25n, 81n |
Boketi Tanta: in laku, 37n |
Borrowing: in creole languages, 278; in Surinam Creole, 278 |
Bose (village), 203n |
Bosrokoman (fish), 251n |
Boyo: name of Matuari chief, 116; sort of cake, 203n. See
also Kodyo |
Braga (Dutch periodical), 7 |
Branspen (place name), 227n |
Brazil: religious cult in, 51 |
Brens: English-derived item, 283 |
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British high commissioner: in laku, 19, 37n |
British Indians: immigration, 8; language, 11; and British high
commissioner, 19, 37n; in children's play song, 55; Dyewal Persad (in poem),
241n; pagwa ceremony, 241n; tadya drum, 241n, 251n |
‘Bro’: first poem by Trefossa, 12, 13, 195, 196; written in vulgar Creole,
13, 195; text, 192 |
Broos negroes: runaways, 79; Jacob Babel, 79 |
Bruin, Marcel de (poet), 217n |
Bruma, Eddy: and Wie Eegie Sanie, 12, 164-65, 184; as poet, 12, 165;
drama, 12, 166-67; as president of youth club, 164; influenced by Koenders,
164, 166; political aims, 164-65; as politician, 165-66; Vidia Naipaul's
description of, 165; as author, 165-66; Basya Pataka
(play), 166-67; De geboorte van Boni (play), 166n; Basya Pataka, Act 1 (text), 168-80; poems (text), 186-90 |
Bun: Portuguese-derived item, 283 |
Bunati gi ondrofeni (Du society), 16n |
Bureau for Linguistic Research in Surinam, 196 |
Bushnegroes: descendants of maroons, 1, 116; organized in tribes, 1, 116;
principal tribes, 1, 116; Matuari tribe, 1, 116, 117, 118; Saramacca tribe,
1, 116, 117, 276; Djuka tribe, 1, 116, 118, 273; Moravian Church, 6, 117,
118; mission schools, 8, 118n; and Surinam Creole, 8; peace treaties, 116,
131n, 166; matrilineal descent, 116n; patrilineal descent, 116n; books of
King on, 117, 118; etiquette, 121n; customs, 123n; Koenders on languages of,
139n; No-mer-mi-kondre, 145n; sekete (dance), 229n. See
also Broos negroes; Djuka; Maroons; Matuari; Saramaccan |
Cairo, Edgar (author), 217, 219; Temekoe (novel), 219;
collections of poems, 219n; Sjoeroerwe (novel), 219n; Temekoe (text), 252-70 |
Cameron: killed a slave, 167 |
Capelle, H. van: collector of folktales, 78 |
Cesaari (deaf-mute negro), 7 |
Characters: in banya, 17; in laku, 17-18, 19, 37n; in lobisingi, 18 |
Châtillon: old plantation, 49n; institute for lepers, 49n |
Children of masters and slaves: status, 5 |
Children's play songs. See Kangga |
Chinese: immigration, 8 |
Christian religion: in slave colony, 4; Protestant minister Kals, 4; after
emancipation, 8; and the Creoles, 9; and non-Christian religion, 51; songs
(texts), 60-62; and King, 117, 118. See also Moravian
Church |
Christian songs: used by dance bands, 51n; in honor of Anana, 52n; among
Creoles, 53; kra, 53; origin, 53; at birthday parties, 54; at begi, 54; of
Creole origin, 54; not tolerated in church, 54; texts, 60-62 |
Church Creole: variety of Surinam Creole, 13; used in poems, 13, 195; used
by King, 118; social status, 195 |
Clementi (Djuka village), 121n |
Colin: leader of slave uprising, 167 |
Colonial elite: cultural norms, 9, 183; against Bruma, 165 |
Combe (quarter of Paramaribo), 267n |
Comvalius, Th. A.C: hypothesis on banya and Du society, 16-17; description
of lobisingi, 18; on children's play songs, 55 |
Congo Tombe: a dance, 167 |
Consonant: signs used, 285 |
Contact language: in Africa, 276 |
Coronie: slave uprising, 167; birthplace of Slory, 218, 239n; district in
Surinam, 249n |
Costume: in laku, 17; koto, 27n; yaki, 27n; in winti, 53; in bar maske, 53 |
Cowry shell: 257n |
Creole: Koenders on the term, 136 |
Creole culture: two-caste society, 6; |
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formation,
6; oral literature, 6; contribution of free colored people, 6; in
Paramaribo, 6; Creole attitude on, 9, 135; Herskovits on, 9; social status,
9; Koenders and, 10, 135-37; and educational authorities, 9, 12-13, 135; and
Creole students in Holland, 10-11; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 11-12, 164, 184;
songs, 15, 16; criticism in, 15, 19; kerchiefs, 15; ancestor cult, 17;
stimulated by Pohama, 136; day names, 151n |
Creole languages: origin, 273; period of creolization, 274; pidgin origin,
274; verbal system, 277-78; structure, 277-78; differently based, 278;
borrowing in, 278 |
Creolization: in Surinam Creole, 274 |
Cult language: of Fodu, 53n; of kromanti, 53n; of Indian gods, 53n;
African descent, 53n; Amerindian descent, 53n |
Cultural movement: Wie Eegie Sanie, 11, 164, 183-85; Eddy Bruma and, 12,
164; of Martinique students, 183 |
Dageraad: plantation, 81n |
Dagwe. See Fodu |
Dance: Congo Tombe, 167; sekete, 229n |
Dance parties: as winti performances, 53 |
Dance tunes: types, 54; identification, 55; text, 68 |
Datra: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; in lobisingi, 18 |
Day names: Kwami, 27n, 151n; Yaw, 27n; in Gold Coast languages, 151n;
Amemba, 151n, 233n; Amba, 151n; Kodyo, 231n |
Deets, Wati (poet), 217n |
Defares, J. (poet), 217n |
De geboorte van Boni: play by Bruma, 166n |
Deities: of the earth, 18, 51, 52, 53n, 221n, 283; social status, 51-52,
53; cult language, 51, 53n; of the river, 51, 52, 53n; Anana, 52, 53n; of
the sky, 53; of the bush, 53n; Ch. J. Wooding on, 53n; evil spirits, 239n,
262n. See also Non-Christian religion; Winti |
Demonstrative: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Department of Education: against Koenders, 10 |
De Resolutie: laku group, 19; plantation, 19 |
De Tsjerne (Frisian periodical), 12, 165n, 185 |
Diary of Johannes King, 117 |
Dictionaries: by Focke, 7, 283; by Schumann, 283 |
Diphthongs: signs used, 285 |
Disi: demonstrative in Djuka Creole, 273 |
Djuka: descendants of maroons, 1, 116; English-based creole, 116; peace
treaty between Matuari and, 116n, 118, 123n; Johannes King, 116n, 118;
geographical location, 121n; pidginized form of mother tongue, 273; trade
language of Trio and, 273; reduced vocabulary, 273; demonstrative disi, 273;
interrogative sama, 273. See also Bushnegro |
Dobru, R. (poet), 217n |
Dominee (title), 147n |
Dominican Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
Drama: Eddy Bruma, 12, 166; based on history, 12, 166, 167; popular, 12;
du, 16; banya, 16, 17; laku, 17; lobisingi, 18; De Geboorte van
Boni, 116, Basya Pataka, 116-17; Basya Pataka (text), 168-80 |
Drasi: English-derived item, 151n |
Dresibuku, by Johannes King, 117 |
Drie, Alex de (narrator), 79; texts, 80-102, 108-14 |
Dritabiki (village), 121n |
Drums: European kettle drum, 17; agida, 57n; big drum, 79; apinti, 199n,
231n; tadya, 241n, 251n |
Du societies, 15, 16, 17; forbidden by government, 15; names, 15n, 16n;
description, 16; Comvalius's hypothesis, 16; and two-caste society, 16-17 |
Duplessis, Suzanna, 187n |
Dutch culture: colonial society, 9; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 183-84 |
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Dutch-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 3, 6, 16n, 41n, 274, 283-84; in
Saramaccan Creole, 4 |
Dutch language: sonnet by Hendrik Schouten, 7; in education, 8-9, 135;
after emancipation, 9; percentage of population speaking, 11; in Foetoe-boi, 136; used by Koenders, 136-37; used by Bruma,
166; Wie Eegie Sanie as reaction against, 183; translations in Trotji, 196; used by Slory, 218 |
Dyewal Persad (British-Indian name), 241n |
Dyodyo: 53n |
Earth deity, 52, 53n. See also Deities |
Earth mother. See Aysa |
Edmundo (poet), 217n |
Education: before emancipation, 8; after emancipation, 9; colonial policy,
10, 12-13, 135, 137; Pohama, 136; Koenders as educator, 136; ideas of Bruma
on, 164; De Ziel as teacher, 195 |
Eersel, Chr. H. (poet), 190 |
Emancipation: 6; poem on the eve of, 7; Pohama's celebration, 136, 143n;
ideas of Bruma on, 164, 166 |
English-based pidgin: in Africa, 276; and slaves, 276-77; origin of
Surinam Creole, 277 |
English-based Creole: Djuka Creole, 116; Surinam Creole, 116, 274; of
slaves, 284 |
English-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 3, 61n, 151n, 169n, 205n,
274-76, 277, 283-84; in Saramaccan Creole, 4, 276 |
English settlements: 2, 275; Captain Marshall, 2; indentured servants, 3;
and Surinam Creole, 284 |
European farmers, 1, 5, 275 |
European traders, 1 |
Evil spirits: bakru, 239n; akantamasu, 239n, 263n |
Ewe: day names, 151n |
Expansion process: of a pidgin, 174 |
Fensre: Dutch-derived item, 283 |
Festivities: of slaves, 16 |
Firpenki (bird), 193n |
Fixed formulas: in storytelling, 76 |
Focke, H.C.: music, 7; songs, 7; author, 7; dictionary 7, 283; on Du
societies, 16 |
Fodu: other names, 52; member of earth deities, 52; snake gods, 52, 221n;
Cult language, 53n; songs in honor of, 54; song (text), 56 |
Foetoe-boi (monthly), 10, 136; stimulates students, 10,
137; poems published in, 12, 165, 195, 196; Pohama as publisher, 136;
Koenders as editor, 136; text, 138-62 |
Folktales: Srafutentori (text), 80-102; Anansitori (text), 104-08; animal
story (text), 108-14. See also Stories |
Fom: African-derived item, 275 |
Frake, Ch. O.: lexical items in Zambuangeño, 274 |
Frederikshoop: plantation, 169n, 209n |
French-based creole, 275 |
French settlements, 2 |
Fu tru: English-derived item, 283 |
Fufuru: African-derived item, 285 |
Gamelan: Indonesian traditional music, 251n |
Gilds, A. (poet), 217n |
Goeje, C.H. de: word list in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Gold Coast languages: day names, 151n |
Gold diggers: song (text), 68-70 |
Gonggosa: African-derived item, 275 |
Gongote: 251n |
Government: policy on marriage of Nanette Samson, 5-6; and slave
education, 6; and immigration, 8; and Dutch culture, 9, 13, 135, 164; and Du
societies, 15; winti prohibited, 53; peace treaties, 116, 131n, 166; and Wie
Eegie Sanie, 165. See also Assimilation policy |
Granaki (garnet), 205n |
Granbun, 283 |
Grande: Portuguese-derived item, 283 |
Grandebon: Portuguese-derived item, 283 |
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| |
Grandi wey, 283 |
Grani, 283 |
Granmama, 283 |
Granman, 283 |
Granmasra, 283 |
Grantangi, 283 |
Granwe, 283 |
Grikibi: kind of bird, 239n |
Grimmèr, Wilfred (poet), 217n |
Haiti: religious cult, 51 |
Haitian Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
Hamburg: plantation, 59n |
Hansom: English-derived item, 283 |
Hare: African background, 78; in Caribbean, 78; in Surinam, 79; in North
and Middle America, 79 |
Hati tya hebi (Du society), 16n |
Hebee: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Hebee-wa: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Helstone, J.N.: work, 8; criticized, 8 |
Heo (poet), 217n |
Heri: Dutch-derived item, 283 |
Herlein, J.P.: work, 278-83; criticized by Jan Nepveu, 280 |
Herskovits, M.J.: on socialized ambivalence, 9; on lobisingi, 15, 18; on
non-Christian religion, 51, 53n; on folktales, 77; on Jewish influence on
creole, 276 |
Hindi: percentage of population speaking, 11 |
Holland: Surinam a colony of, 1; students in, 10-12, 164, 183-84; Foetoe-boi published in, 10; Wie Eegie Sanie founded in,
11, 183-84; Eddy Bruma in, 164, 166; Creole poetry in, 185 |
Homonyms: Koenders on, 136-37 |
Immigration: Chinese, 8; British-Indians, 8; Javanese, 8; and the British
high commissioner, 19, 37n |
Indentured servants: influence, 3; sexual intercourse, 4-5; reinforcing
English, 284 |
Indian elements: in winti songs, 59n; in children's play songs, 59n;
pitani, 193n |
Indian gods: members of river deities, 52; cult language, 53n; songs, 54;
song text, 56-58. See also Deities; River deities |
Indian languages: for cultic purposes, 51 |
Indian tribes: Arawak, 1; Carib, 1; trade, 1, 273; slavery, 1; Moravian
Mission, 6; Trio, 273 |
Indo-Portuguese: verbal particles, 278 |
Instruments: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; European kettle drum, 17;
kwakwabangi, 17, 18, 229n; in lobisingi, 18; brass, 18, 54; in kawna, 54; in
kaseko, 54; in winti dances, 57n; agida, 57n; apinti, 199, 231n; tadya,
251n. See also Drums |
Interrogative: of Djuka, 273 |
Interrupters: function, 77 |
Interruption: by narrator, 76-77; by audience, 76; in a Djuka village, 76;
function, 76, 77; by skilled interrupters, 77 |
Jamaican Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
Javanese: immigration, 8; language, 11; music, 251n |
Jewish-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 4, 276; in Saramaccan Creole,
276; Herskovits on, 276 |
Jewish settlements, 2 |
Juju: kind of magic, 78 |
Kaba: Portuguese-derived item, 275, 283 |
Kabra: 221n |
Kabra yorka, 54 |
Kakafowru: manner of drum-playing, 79 |
Kals (Protestant minister), 4 |
Kamalama: onomatopoeic verb, 47n |
Kangga: children's play song, 54; interpretation, 55; Comvalius on, 55; in
Curaçao, 55; Indian elements in, 59n; African elements in, 59n; song texts,
64-68; description, 67n |
Kaseko: dance, 54; instruments, 54 |
Kaseri: in banya, 18; ritually clean, |
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18, 67n;
Jewish-derived, 276 |
Kate, J.J.L. ten (Dutch poet), 7 |
Kawina (poet), 217n |
Kawna: dance tune, 54; instruments, 54; dance, 54 |
Kerchiefs: meaning, 15; naming, 15, 16n |
King, Johannes: as author, 7, 117, 118; family, 116, 117; at Maripaston,
117; visions, 117; expulsion, 117, 118; as prophet, 117, 123n; description
of work, 117n; manuscripts, 117n, 118n; edition by De Ziel, 119, 196;
orthography, 119, 285; texts, 120-32 |
Kloos, Willem: translation by Koenders, 11 |
Knofru: plantation, 169n, 209n |
Kodyo: Matuari chief, 116; day name, 231n. See also Day
names |
Koenders, J.G.A.: against educational system, 10, 135, 136, 137; and
Creole culture, 10, 135, 136, 137; as author, 10, 136-37; and Foetoe-boi, 10, 135, 136-37; and Creole students, 10, 137;
translation of Willem Kloos, 11; and Pohama, 135-36; work, 136-37; and
Surinam Creole, 136-37; favorite proverb, 137; texts, 138-62; remarks on the
title leriman, 147n; use of day names, 151n; in Schwarzer Orpheus, 153n; as poet, 159n; and Eddy Bruma,
164, 166; Trotji dedicated to, 196 |
Koluku, Samuel (son of Noah Adrai), 118 |
Komparsi: banya rehearsal, 18 |
Kopi: kind of wood, 71n |
Koso: African-derived item, 275 |
Koti singi: identification, 18, 19 |
Koto: traditional costume, 27n |
Kra: soul concept in non-Christian religion, 52, 53; and Christian
religion, 53; identification of song in honor of the, 54; song text, 60 |
Krabdagu, 87n |
Krio: verbal particles, 278 |
Krioro dron: in banya, 18-19; criticism in songs, 19; song texts, 22-30 |
Kromanti: African gods, 51, 52, 53, 221n; importance, 51, 52; and the
younger generation, 52; cult language, 53n; songs, 54; song texts, 58 |
Kuli konsro: British high commissioner in laku, 19, 37n |
Kunofru: plantation, 169n, 209n |
Kwakwa: in banya, 17, in laku, 17n; in winti dances, 57n; instrument, 229n |
Kwakwabangi. See Kwakwa |
Kwakwa mayoro: player of the kwakwa, 17n; song in honor of the, 18; song
text, 22 |
Kwami (day name), 27n, 151n. See also Day names |
Kweri: English-derived item, 61n, 63n |
Kweti: English-derived item, 283 |
Kwikwi: kind of fish, 251n |
Laku: description, 17-18; actor, 17; characters, 17-18, 19, 37n;
instruments, 17; arrangement, 19; group from De Resolutie plantation, 19;
and the British high commissioner, 19, 37n; songs, 19; allusions in songs,
19; song in honor of the earth mother, 19; song texts, 34-38; bakaman in,
39n |
Lánga-mee: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Lánga-mee wa: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Langa singi: in lobisingi, 18, 19; rhythm, 18 |
Language: of masters, 2; of slaves, 3; of indentured servants, 3, 284; at
school, 6, 8; policy, 9; survey, 11; pidgin, 273, 275; reduced, 273; trade,
273; agents of change, 273; and power group, 273; mixing, 273; creole, 273;
native, 274; contact, 275; of administration, 275 |
Lateral: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
Law krabu, 45n |
Laytori: riddles, 77; length, 77 |
Leba: earth deity, 52 |
Légitime Défense (manifesto), 183 |
Lemon: as medicine, 257n |
Leriman: title, 147n |
Lichtveld, L.: on the mythical origin |
| |
| |
of the
spider, 78, 79 |
Lobi Konkroe (Du society), 16n |
Lobisingi: government action against, 15; description, 15, 18; as social
criticism, 15; origin, 18; theme, 18; where performed, 18; actors, 18;
instruments, 18; langa singi, 18, 19; koti singi, 18, 19; melodies, 18;
Christina Loloba (singer), 20; Sonde Prodo (singer), 20; songs, 19-20; song
texts, 38-48 |
Loko: member of earth deities, 52; song in honor of, 54; song text, 56 |
Loloba, Christina (singer): lobisingi, 20; text of song by, 48 |
Macao Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
Malacca Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
Makzien vo Kristen soema zieli (monthly), 6 |
Mansipari, 259n |
Manumission: necessity, 4-5; practice, 5-6; and Du societies, 16-17 |
Maripaston: foundation, 117; King's family in, 117; building a church in,
117; expulsion of King from, 117-18 |
Marked lexical items: in Zambuangeño, 274 |
Maroons: domain, 1; dependency on coastal area, 1, 116; organizing
themselves, 1, 116, 276; peace treaties with government, 116, 131n, 166;
No-mer-mi-kondre, 145n; language, 276. See also Broos
negroes; Bushnegro |
Marriage: of manumitted slaves, 5; of Nanette Samson, 5-6 |
Marshall, Captain: settlement by, 2 |
Masters: ratio of slaves to, 2-3, 275; indentured servants, 3; contact
with slaves, 3, 4, 6, 16, 274; conception of slavery, 4; cultural policy, 4,
8, 15; and pagan slave, 4; Protestant minister Kals, 4; and manumission,
4-6; sexual intercourse between slaves and, 5; sisi, 5, 97n; and marriage of
Nanette Samson, 5-6; story of Suzanna Duplessis, 187n |
Matros broki (quay in Paramaribo), 227n |
Matuari: bushnegro tribe, 1, 116; King family, 116; Kodyo, chief of, 116;
Noah Adrai, chief of, 116; peace treaty between Djuka and, 116n, 118, 121n,
123n; Moravian Church and, 117, 118 |
Maysa. See Aysa |
Meesters der Negervertelkunst (Dutch anthology of negro
authors), 165n |
Mende: folktales in, 77 |
Mission schools: for slave children, 6, 8; language of instruction, 6, 8;
in bushnegro communities, 8; Johannes King and, 118n |
Model language: during period of creolization, 274 |
Momoi: in banya, 17 |
Mooi-mee: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Mooi-mee wa: Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Moral instruction: in Ondrofenitori, 77 |
Moravian Church: and Indians, 6; and bushnegroes, 6; and two-caste
society, 6; preaching on plantation, 6; producing religious material, 6;
publishing a monthly, 6; praise poem on, 7; teaching slave children, 8;
teaching bushnegroes, 8; King's visits to, 117; King's diary, 117;
criticizing King, 118; leriman, 147n; domri, 147n; Koenders's remarks on,
147n. See also Mission schools |
Morphemes: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Mother tongue: use of, 273, 274; of slaves, 277 |
Mourning ceremonies: storytelling during, 76 |
Moy: Dutch-derived item, 283 |
Multiracial society: and Surinam Creole, 13; Bruma and, 165; Wie Eegie
Sanie, 183; Vidia Naipaul on, 184; poem by Slory, 218; racial tensions in,
241n |
Music: Focke's study on, 7 |
| |
| |
Naipaul, Vidia: on Bruma, 165; on Surinam and other West Indian countries,
184 |
Naming: of kerchiefs, 15; of Du societies, 16n; of Creole societies, 16n;
of laku groups, 19 |
Narrator: fixed formulas, 76; use of interruption, 76; as interrupter,
76-77; interrupters as retinue of, 77; Jacob Babel, 79; Alex de Drie, 79 |
Nasalized vowels: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
National anthem: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
Negro Dutch: verbal particles, 278 |
Negro English. See Surinam Creole |
Negroes: Koenders on, 136; Légitime Défense, 183,
184-85. See also Slavery; Slaves |
Nengrekopu (bird), 221n |
Nepveu, Jan: manuscript, 279-82; criticism of Herlein, 279 |
New Testament: in Surinam Creole, 6 |
Njoejaari singi voe Cesaari: songs, 7; author, 7; J.J.L.
ten Kate's translation, 7; in Dutch periodical Braga, 7 |
Non-Christian religion: Creoles and, 4, 9; syncretism, 6, 51, 52n; yorka,
17, 51, 54, 76; rituals, 18, 52, 163n; kaseri, 18, 67n; Haitian cult, 51;
Brazilian cult, 51; Amerindian influences on, 51; African influences on, 51;
description by Herskovits, 51, 53n; socialized ambivalence, 51; deities,
51-53, 54, 221n, 283; in secular dances, 51; and Christian religion, 51;
development, 51-52; priest in, 52; geographic diversity, 52-53; personal
variety, 52; basic concept, 52; winti, 52; Anana, 52, 53n; kra, 52;
forbidden dances, 53, 233n; bar maske, 53; Wooding on, 53n; kabra yorka, 54,
221n; songs, 56-60; instruments, 57n, 199n, 231n; juju,78; and King, 117;
nengrekopu, 221n; awese, 221n; arwepi, 223n; pedreku, 223n; evil spirits,
239n, 263n. See also Deities; Winti |
Novels: Temekoe, by Cairo, 219; Sjoeroerwe, by Cairo, 219n; Temekoe (text), 252-70 |
No-mer-mi-kondre (mythical village), 145n |
Nyan: African-derived item, 275 |
Nyanfaro: in banya, 18 |
Ooft, B. (poet), 217n |
Ondrofeni fu lobi no abi kaba (Du society), 16n |
Ondrofenitori: distinction between Anansitori and, 77; Herskovits on, 77;
moral, 77; origin, 78; Andersen's tales, 78; Dutch folklore, 78; Italian
stories, 78. See also Srafutentori |
Opo dron: banya, 18; song (text), 22 |
Opo-oso: party, 191n |
Oral literature: and the work of King, 4; in slave colony, 6 |
Orthography, 73n; of King, 119, 285; official Surinam Creole, 119, 285;
Koenders on, 136; used in texts, 285 |
Overseers: indentured servants, 3; sexual intercourse, 4-5; manumission,
4-5; black, 19; reinforcing English, 284 |
Owrukuku: manner of playing drum, 79 |
Pagwa: British-Indian ceremony, 241 |
Pan: ideophone, 65n |
Pam: ideophone, 65n |
Papa: ideophone, 67n |
Papawinti. See Fodu |
Papiamentu: Spanish-based creole, 55; verbal particles, 278 |
Paroewa prenspari (Du society), 16n |
Parwa: kind of tree, 249n |
Pasa: Portuguese-derived item, 275 |
Pataka: kind of fish, 169n |
Patapata: kind of shoe, 45n |
Plantations: before emancipation: 1-2; after emancipation, 7-8;
festivities on, 16; names, 16n, 19, 49n, 59n, 81n, 169n, 209n; laku on, 17;
non-Christian religion on, 52; in Srafutentori, 78; English, 249n; Scottish,
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249n; English-based pidgin on, 277; Surinam
Creole on English, 283 |
Play songs: types, 54; nature, 54; for children, 54; for adults, 54. See also Kangga; Susa |
Peace treaties: between England and Holland, 2, 275; between government
and bushnegroes, 116, 166, 131n; between Djuka and Matuari, 116n, 123n; King
mission, 118 |
Pedreku, 223n |
Pegreku, 223n |
Penki, 67n |
Periodicals: Makzien vo Kristen soema zieli, 6; Krioro Koranti, 7; Foetoe-boi, 10, 136; Tongoni, 165, 197, 218n. See also
Foetoe-boi |
Philippine-based elements: in Zambuangeño lexicon, 274 |
Philippine Creole: verbal particles, 278 |
Phonemes: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
Pidgin: language mixing, 273; as reduced language, 273; restricted use of,
273; expansion process, 274; and creole language, 274; as mother tongue,
274; as native language, 274; language of administration and, 275; formative
period, 275; bridging different components of the population, 275 |
Pidgin state: of Zambuangeño, 274; of Surinam Creole, 276-77 |
Pieterszorg: plantation, 16n |
Pina: Portuguese-derived item, 275 |
Pitani: Carib-derived item, 193n |
Poems: first partly Creole, 7, 286-87; by Focke?, 7; by Koenders, 11,
150-52, 158-62; translated, 11, 195; by Trefossa, 12, 192, 195, 196, 197,
198-208; in church Creole, 13, 195; by Bruma, 165, 186-90; by Eersel, 190;
by Rens, 190-92; first book of Creole, 195; sonnet style, 195; study by
Voorhoeve, 196; by Schouten-Elsenhout, 217n, 218, 220-36; by Slory, 218-19,
236-52; political, 218, 219; by Cairo, 219n |
Poets: 217. See also Bruma, Eddy; Cairo, Edgar;
Koenders, J.G.A.; Schouten-Elsenhout, Johanna; Slory, Michaël; Ziel, Henny
F. de |
Poetry: stilted literary language, 13; in Wie Eegie Sanie, 185; anthology
by Shrinivasi, 217n |
Pohama: Creole organization, 135; activities, 135-36; cooperation of
Koenders, 135-36; and Foetoe-boi, 136; suborganizations,
136; sranan neti, 143n |
Pomerak, 267n |
Pondo, 81n |
Pont, Johan (poet), 217n |
Pontoon, 25n |
Population, 3, 275 |
Pori Nem (laku group), 19, 37n |
Pori nen no de puru geluk (Du society), 16n |
Portuguese-derived items: in Surinam Creole, 3, 274-84; in Saramaccan
Creole, 4, 116, 270, 276-77; in Matuari, 116; replaced by English items, 277 |
Portuguese Jews: settlement, 2; influence on Surinam Creole, 4, 275-76;
influence on Saramaccan Creole, 4, 276 |
Portuguese pidgin: origin of Surinam Creole, 274; on African coast,
275-76; slave contact with, 276; mother tongue of slaves, 277 |
Possession: by a winti, 52; at dance parties, 53 |
Posu: English-derived item, 209n |
Poti hanoe makandra. See Pohama |
Praktama: suborganization of Pohama, 135 |
Prakserie tamara, 135 |
Pran: ideophone, 65n |
Priest: organizing cults, 52; curing illnesses, 52 |
Proclamations: on Du societies, 15; on bakafutu-banya, 17; on winti, 53 |
Pronoun: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273; use of, 279 |
Prose: in Surinam Creole, 219 |
Proverbs: in Njoejaari singi voe Cesaari, 7; in naming
kerchiefs, 16n; |
| |
| |
in songs, 43n; in storytelling, 76,
used by Koenders, 137, 141n; African, 169n; used by Schouten-Elsenhout, 218;
collection, 218n |
Punishment: for Du performance, 15; cancellation of festivities, 16; place
of, 67n; spaanse bok, 95n, 171n; by Cameron, 167; by Suzanna Duplessis, 187;
on Frederikshoop, 209 |
Relational terms: in Djuka-Trio trade language, 273 |
Relexification: in Surinam Creole, 277-84; in trade language, 278 |
Religion. See Christian religion; Moravian Church;
Non-Christian religion |
Religious dances, 199n |
Rellum, Eugène W. (poet), 217n |
Rens, Jo (poet), 190 |
Renselaar, H.C. van: description of laku, 18 |
Riddles. See Laytori |
River deities: cult language, 51; Amerindian descent, 51, 52; of the
Commewijne River, 52; songs in honor of, 54; song texts, 56-58 |
Runaways. See Broos negroes; Bushnegroes; Maroons |
Ruu, 99n |
Sabaku: manner of playing drum, 79 |
Sabi: Portuguese-derived item, 275 |
Sacred origin: of storytelling, 76 |
Sama: Djuka interrogative, 273 |
Samson, Nanette: marriage, 5-6, Hendrik Schouten, cousin, 7 |
Sangodare, Asjantenu (pseudonym), 218. See also Slory,
Michaël |
Saramaccan bushnegroes: tribe, 1, 116; descendants of maroons, 1, 116, 276 |
Saramaccan Creole: English-derived items, 4, 276; Dutch-derived items, 4;
Portuguese-derived items, 4, 276-77; African-derived items, 4; verb da, 67n; Herskovits on, 276; verbal particles, 278 |
Schwarzer Orpheus (German anthology of negro poetry),
153n |
Schouten, Hendrik: sonnet, 7; partly Creole poem, 7; text, 286-88 |
Schouten-Elsenhout, Johanna (poet), 217; influenced by Trefossa, 217;
work, 217-18; Christmas poems, 218n; collection of proverbs, 218n; texts,
220-36 |
Schumann, C.L.: dictionary, 283 |
Se, 53n |
Sekete, 229n |
Settlements: in Surinam, 2, 275 |
Sexual relationship: between masters and slaves, 5-6, 29n; in lobisingi
18, 20; song texts, 40-42 |
Shrinivasi (poet), 217n; anthology, 217n |
Sibi: term of address, 55 |
Sin: interpretation, 55 |
Singer: in banya, 17; in laku, 17; Christina Loloba, 20; Sonde Prodo, 20 |
Streetsinger: Sonde Prodo, 20 |
Sisi: mistress of master, 5, 97n; as intermediary, 5, 97n |
Sky gods: Anana, 53n; tapu kromanti, 53n. See also
Deities; Winti |
Skrekibuku, by Johannes King, 117, 118; visions
described in, 117 |
Slagveer, Jozef (poet), 217n |
Slave colony: ratio of masters to slaves, 3, 4; two-caste society, 4-7;
cultural assimilation, 4; religion, 4; mission, 4; manumission, 4-6. See also Two-caste society |
Slave culture: social status, 9 |
Slavery: English influence, 2; punishment, 15, 16, 67n, 95n, 167, 171n,
187, 209; festivities, 16; laku, 17; song recalling slavery, 55; song text,
72-74; storytelling, 76; Srafutentori, 78; drama recalling, 166-67; tales
of, 211n |
Slaves: Amerindians, 1; Africans, 1; oldest settlements, 2; leaving
Surinam, 2, 275; from Barbados, 2, 284; influenced by indentured servants,
3, 284; ethnic backgrounds, 3; and |
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Christianity, 4;
manumission, 4-6; Moravian mission, 6; fugitives, 166, 276; mother tongue,
274, 277; languages, 275; contact language on African coast, 275; Portuguese
pidgin of, 276, 277; and English-based pidgin, 276-77; Afro-Portuguese
pidgin of, 284; English-based creole of, 284 |
Slave uprising: in Coronie, 167; as theme for drama, 167 |
Slootwijk, 153n |
Slory, Michaël (poet), 218-19; Dutch poems, 218; pseudonym, 218; political
poems, 218; collections of poems, 218-19 |
Social change: Eddy Bruma and, 165 |
Social criticism: Creole songs as, 15; in banya, 17, 19; krioro dron, 19;
in laku, 19 |
Socialized ambivalence: Herskovits on, 9, 51n; in culture, 9; in religion,
51n; in linguistic behavior, 51n; in marriage customs, 51n; in Creole
society; 135, 164 |
Social status: of manumitted children, 5; of Surinam Creole, 9, 12, 14; of
non-Christian religion, 52 |
Soko psalm: religious nature, 54; background, 54; Togo translation, 54;
interpretation, 54; song text, 58 |
Sonde Prodo (streetsinger), 20 |
Songs: as social criticism, 15, 17, 19; on plantation, 15; allusions in,
17, 19; melody of lobisingi, 18; relation to social events, 19; recitativo
preamble, 19; in storytelling, 76; as opening formula, 77; as interruption,
77; function in storytelling, 77; as part of tale, 77; in Mende folktales,
77 |
Sonnets: of Hendrik Schouten, 7; of Willem Kloos, 11; of Trefossa, 195,
196 |
Spaanse bok: punishment, 95n, 171n |
Spanish-based creole (Papiamentu), 55 |
Spanish elements: in Zambuangeño, 274 |
Spectators: in laku performance, 18, 19; venturing criticism, 19; in banya
performance, 19 |
Spider: stories centered on, 78; African background, 78; appeal, 78;
mythical origin, 78; as trickster, 79 |
Srafutentori: folktales, 78; as subgroup of Ondrofenitori, 78; moral, 78;
theme, 78; historical instruction, 78; historical truth, 78; names of
plantations, 78; started in Africa, 78; storytelling by Campagne, 78; first
publication by Drie, 78; text, 80-102 |
Sranan neti: organized by Pohama, 143n |
Sranan Pangi: collection of proverbs by Schouten-Elsenhout, 218n |
Sranan tongo. See Surinam Creole |
Stondansi, 223n |
Stories: by Bruma, 12, 165; types, 77; published by Herskovits, 77;
published by Capelle, 78; centered on the spider, 78; centered on the hare,
79; narrator, 79; about No-mer-mi-kondre, 145n; about Basya Pataka, 167. See also Folktales |
Storytelling: for children, 76; informal occasions, 76; during the day,
76; sacred origin, 76; in honor of ancestors, 76; for adults, 76; fixed
formulas, 76; participation of audience, 76; use of proverbs, 76;
interruptions, 76; during wakes, 76; in a Djuka village, 76; songs in, 76 |
Students: in Holland, 10-11, 164, 184; non-European culture, 10, 11, 164,
184; and Koenders, 10-11; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 11-12, 164, 183; starting to
write poems, 11-12, 185; Frisian support for, 12, 185 |
Surinam: geography, 1; population, 1-3, 8, 275; trade colony, 1; European
settlements, 1-3, 275; plantation settlement, 1-2; slave colony, 1-6;
Willoughby Land, 2; under British rule, 2, 275; under the Dutch, 2-9, 275;
emancipation, 7-9; period of state supervision, 7-8; immigration, 8 |
Surinam Creole: English-derived items, 3, 283-84; Portuguese-derived
items, |
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| |
3, 276-78, 283-84; Dutch-derived items, 3,
283-84; African-derived items, 3, 275; influence of two-caste society on, 6;
oral literature in, 6; teaching in, 6; writing of, 6; first primer in, 6;
first printed text in, 6; publications of missionaries in, 6; first poem
partly in, 7; first poem in print, 7; Neger-Engelsch
woordenboek, 7, 283; school language of slave children, 8; in
mission schools in bushnegro communities, 8; prohibited at school, 8;
grammar, 8; and educational authorities, 9; at school, 9, 135; at home, 9,
135; social status, 9, 14; after emancipation, 9-14; Koenders and, 10,
136-37, 139n; gaining respectability, 10, 14, 185; population survey, 11;
most widely used language, 11, 14; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 11-12, 185; as
national language, 11, 14; poem of Kloos translated into, 11; poems in De Tsjerne, 12, 185; poetry of De Ziel, 12, 13; in Bible
reading, 13; in church, 13; church variety, 13; vulgar variety, 13;
19th-century poems in, 13; as cultural language, 14; national anthem, 14;
and multiracial society, 14; English-based creole, 116, 274; homonyms in,
136; Pohama, 136; and Bruma, 165-66; first book of poems in, 195; prose,
219; Portuguese pidgin origin, 274, 284; creolization, 274; Portuguese
Jewish influence on, 276; verbal particles, 277-78; verbal system, 277-78;
origin, 277; relexification, 277-84; oldest source of, 277; Portuguese
elements replaced by English, 277, 284; English-based pidgin, 277, 284;
borrowing in, 278; oldest text in, 278-83; old dialectal differences, 283;
on English plantations, 283; dictionary by Schumann, 283; English elements
replaced by Dutch, 284; official orthography, 285; phonemes in, 285 |
Surinam culture: Wie Eegie Sanie, 11, 183 |
Surinam pidgin: formative period, 276 |
Susa: play song, 54; description, 54; songs, 54; Comvalius on, 54n; in
honor of ancestors, 54n; song texts, 62-64 |
Swadesh, Morris: 200-item list, 3 |
Syncretism, 6, 51, 52n |
Tadya (British-Indian drum), 241n, 251n |
Tapu kromanti: dance in honor of, 53; sky gods, 53n. See
Deities |
Tanta: in laku, 37n |
Tenboto: description, 81n |
Tetey, 27n |
Thalia (theater), 265n |
Tobosi. See Aysa |
Trade language: of Djuka and Trio, 273; Djuka vocabulary in, 273;
relational terms, 273; use of disi in, 273; use of sama in, 273; use of Trio
negation, 273; use of Trio grammatical morphemes, 273; of Portuguese
sailors, 278 |
Trasi: English-derived item, 151n |
Trefossa (pseudonym of Henny F. de Ziel), 12, 195; creolization of
Tryphosa, 195. See also Ziel, Henny F. de |
Trefu: Jewish-derived item, 276 |
Trill: in Surinam Creole, 285 |
Trinidadian Creole, 275 |
Trio: Indian tribe, 273; trade language, 273; negation, 273; suffix, 273 |
Trotji: collection of poems by Trefossa, 12, 196; effect
on educational authorities, 12-13; study by Voorhoeve, 196; technical term,
196; dedicated to Koenders, 196; Dutch translation, 196 |
Twi: day names, 151n |
Two-caste society: discourages assimilation, 4; religion in, 4; Protestant
minister Kals, 4; manumission, 4-6; sexual intercourse, 5; marriage, 5-6;
and Nanette Samson, 5-6; and Creole culture, 6; disintegration, 6; Moravian
Church, 6; Du societies, 16 |
Unmarked lexical items: in |
| |
| |
Vene (poet), 217n |
Verbal particles: in creole languages, 278 |
Verbal system: of creole languages, 277-78; of Surinam Creole, 278 |
Verlooghen, Corly (poet), 217n |
Visions: of King, 117; skrekibuki, 117 |
Vocabulary: of model language, 273 |
Vowels: signs used, 285 |
Vulgar Creole: variety of Surinam Creole, 13; poem ‘Bro’ written in, 2-13,
195 |
Wanaysa. See Aysa |
Wani: English-derived item, 283 |
Watramama: dancing of, 51 |
Wie Eegie Sanie: foundation, 11, 164, 183; cultural movement, 11-12,
183-85; membership, 11, 164-65; aim, 11, 183, 184; and Surinam Creole, 11,
185; Bruma and, 12, 164, 184; and De Ziel, 12; exceptional movement, 185;
and national language, 185; and Creole poetry, 185 |
Wil: Dutch-derived item, 283 |
Willoughby, Francis Lord: governor, 2; planted colony, 2 |
Windau: English-derived item, 283 |
Winti: non-Christian religion, 52; pantheons, 52; possession by, 52;
ceremony, 52-53; fixed order of invoking, 52; social status, 52; and law,
53; dance parties, 53; performances, 53; bar maske, 53; songs in honor of,
54; song texts, 56-58; on Saramacca River, 59n. See also
Deities; Non-Christian religion |
Winti dances: instruments in, 57n |
Winti songs: at dance parties, 53; Indian elements in, 59n; African
elements in, 59n |
Witchcraft: medicines, 257n |
Wooding, Ch. J.: on bush gods, 53n |
Yaki: costume, 27n |
Yaw: day name, 27n. See also Day names |
Yobo pan, 65n |
Yorka: banya, 17; ancestral spirits, 51; kabra yorka, 54; storytelling, 76 |
Yorka-banya, 17 |
Zambuangeño: Frake on, 274; pidgin state, 274; creolization process, 274;
lexical items, 274; Spanish-based elements in, 274; Philippine-based
elements in, 274 |
Ziel, Henny F. de (poet), 12, 195-96; and Wie Eegie Sanie, 12; as
Trefossa, 12, 195; poems, 12, 195, 196, 197; and Foetoe-boi, 12, 196; vulgar Creole, 13, 195; and King, 119, 196; and
Koenders, 159n, 196; texts of poems, 192, 198-208; sonnet style, 195, 196;
youth, 195; as teacher, 195; as librarian, 195-96; rhythmic pattern, 196;
poetic story, 196-97; and new generation, 217; orthography, 285 |
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