Fergelijkende taalkunde fan Afrikaans en Engels. Comparative Grammar of English and Cape Dutch

VII. O'er di Werkwoorde.
VII. Verbs.

1 Werkwoorde druk 'n werking of toestand uit, soos: Myn skape wy; ek loop, ek slaap.	1. Verbs express an action or condition as: my sheep graze, I walk, I sleep, etc.
2. Daar is 2 soorte fan werkwoorde:-	2. There are 2 classes of verbs:-
a. O'ergaande werkwoorde, waar di werking fan di werker op 'n andere ding kan o'ergaan. So is liifhê 'n	a. Transitive Verbs, which denote an action, or feeling, which is directed towards some object, thus to

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o'ergaande werkwoord, want ek kan sê: ek het myn frou liif; di werking liifhê gaan dan o'er fan my op myn frou.	love is a transitive verb, because I can say, ‘I love my wife,’ the feeling of loving going over from me to my wife.
b. Nio'ergaande werkwoorde, waarfan di werking by di werker self bly, en ni op 'n ander ding kan o'ergaan ni, soos; sit slaap ens., want 'n mens kan ni sê: ek sit slaap, ens., fer hom of fer haar ni.	b. Intransitive Verbs denote a state or an action or feeling which is not directed towards or exerted upon an object, as to sit, to sleep, etc,
3. Di O'ergaande Werkwoorde kan 'n mens op twé manire gebruik, nadat jy di werking beskou, fan di kant fan di werker, of fan di kant fan di lyder waarop di werking o'ergaan. Dan is dit. a. Bedrywend (werkend) as jy dit fan di kant fan di werker beskou soos: Piet slaan fer Jan. b. Lydend, as jy dit fan di kant fan di lyder beskou, soos: Jan word geslaan fan Piet.	3. Transitive Verbs can be used in 2 ways, according to the way in which you view the action, either from the side of the actor (called subject), or of the object upon which the action is directed. In the first case the verb is said to be in the Active Voice, as ‘John strikes Peter,’ and in the second case in the Passive Voice, as ‘Peter is struck by John.’
Anmerking. - 1) In di taalkunde fan andere tale praat hulle oek fan wederkerende en onpersoonlike werkwoorde. Mar in Afrikaans Engels, en di meeste nuwe tale bestaan dit in di ferfoeging fan di werkwoord self ni. Soos of ek sê: Di frou was haar kind (bedrywend o'ergaande) of: Di frou was fer haar self (wederkerig); di werkwoord was is mar net eenders.	Note. - 1) In most grammars Reflective and Impersonal Verbs are treated as separate classes. But in English, Cape Dutch and most modern languages this distinction does not exist in the conjugation of the verb itself. Thus, whether I say, ‘The woman washes her child (transitive), or, ‘The woman washes herself (socalled reflective), the conjugation of the verb to wash is just the same.
2) In di meeste gefalle kan 'n mens in Afrikaans di foorsetsel fer gebruik om di foorwerp an te wys waarop di werking fan di o'ergaande werkwoord o'ergaan, nes Hebreeus (le). (Kyk bl. 13, d).	2) In Cape Dutch very often the object upon which the action of transitive verbs is directed is pointed out by a special preposition fer, as in Hebrew by le. (See page 13, d).
4. Fan di ferfoeging fan di werkwoorde het ons in di nuwe Germaanse tale oek mar min o'ergehou, feral in Afrikaans en Engels: want dit word fer di meeste part gedoen met hulpwerkwoorde, dit is werkwoorde wat oek partykeer gebruik word om di ferfoeging fan andere werkwoorde te help maak.	4. Of the conjugation of verbs very little remains in modern Germanic languages, especially in English and Cape Dutch, for the greater part this deficiency is supplemented by the use of auxiliary verbs, being verbs used also to assist in the forming of the conjugation of other verbs.
5. Di Hulpwerkwoorde is: hê, sal, wees, worde, wil, kan, moet, ens Hê word gebruik om di ferlede in di bedrywende werkwoord, wees en worde om di ferlede in di lydende werkwoorde te help maak; en sal om	5. In English only the Present and Imperfect tenses in the Active Voice are formed by inflection; and in Cape Dutch only the Past tense (by adding ge to the present). All other tenses are formed by the use

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di toekoms uit te druk. In Engels word be gebruik fer di onbepaalde tyde, have fer di ferlede, en will en shall fer di komende tyde.

of auxiliary verbs. In English the Imperfect tenses are formed by the indefinite tenses of the verb be, the Perfect tenses by means of the indefinite tenses of the verb have, both followed by the past participle; and the Furture tenses by the means of the verbs shall and will, followed by the indefinite mood. In Cape Dutch the verb have (hê) is used in forming the Past tense in the Active Voice, be (wees and worde) in forming the Past tense in the Passive Voice, and shall (sal) for the Future tenses.

Ferfoeging fan di Hulpwerkwoorde. Conjugation of Auxiliary Verbs. Onbepaalde Maniir. Infinitive Mood.
Teenw. tyd	hê	wees	worde	kan	moet	wil
Present T.	have	been		can	must	will
Ferlede T.	gehad hê	gewees hê	geworde	gekan hê	gemoet hê	gewil hê
Past Tense	have had	have been	hê
Ferlede Deelw.	gehad	gewees	geworde	gekan	gemoet	gewil
Past Partic	had	be

Aanmerking. - In di taalkunde fan ander tale gé hulle by di werkwoorde gewoonlik 4 manire fan ferfoeging op: onbepaalde, antonende, anfoegende, en gebidende. Mar in di ferfoeging self bestaan mar yntlik twé manire: onbepaalde en bepaalde.	Note. - In other grammars 4 different Moods are distinguished in the conjugation of verbs: Infinitive, Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative. But in the conjugation itself only 2 Moods exist, viz. Indefinite and Definite.
6. Di onbepaalde maniir is di werkwoord in di ferskillende tyde, mar sonder bepaling fan persone; by di bepaalde maniir word di tyde en di persone alby bepaal.	6. The Indefinite Mood is the verb in its different Tenses, but without distinction of Persons; the Definitive Mood gives both the Tenses and Persons.
7. Di werkwoorde het dri hoof-tyde, na di loop fan di tyd:	7. Verbs have got 3 principal Tenses:-
Teenwoordige tyd - Ek loop. Ferlede tyd - Ek het geloop. Toekomende tyd - Ek sal loop.	Present: I walk. Past: I have walked. Future: I shall walk.
8. Di toekomende tyd kan 'n mens op 4 manire foorstel, in Afrikaans, soos:-	8. The Future Tense is expressed in 4 ways in Cape Dutch, as-
1e Toekomende tyd - Ek sal loop. 2e Toekomende tyd - Ek sal geloop hê. 1e Foorwaardelike toek. tyd - Ek sou loop.	1st Future - Ek sal loop. 2nd Future - Ek sal geloop hê. 1st Conditional Future - Ek sou loop
2e Foorwaardelike toek. tyd - Ek sou geloop hê.	2nd Conditional Future - Ek sou geloop hê.

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In Engels word dit yntlik mar op 2 manire foorgestel:- 1e Toekom. tyd - I shall walk, or shall be walking. 2e Toekom. tyd - I shall have walked.	In English the Future Tense is actually expressed in 2 ways, as - 1st Future - I shall walk, or shall be walking. 2nd Future - I shall have walked.
9. Alleen by di hulpwerkwoorde in Afrikaans is di ferlede tyd oek in twé ferdeel. Dit word genoem onfolmaak en folmaak ferlede tyd, soos:-	9. Only in Auxiliary Verbs Cape Dutch has got 2 Past Tenses, namely the Imperfect, and Perfect, as below:-
Teenwoordige. Onfolmaak ferlede. Folmaak ferlede. (Present) (Imperfect) (Perfect) Ek het Ek had Ek het gehad. Ek sal Ek sou ---------- Ek is Ek was Ek is of was gewees. Ek word Ek werd Ek is of was geworde. Ek kan Ek kon ---------- Ek moet Ek moes ---------- Ek wil Ek won Ek het gewil.
Aanmerking. - 1) Dit maak di Afrikaanse taal baing gemakkelik, dat di onfolmaak ferlede tyde weggefal het, en dat al di ongelykfloeiende werkwoorde gelykfloeiend gemaak is. Dis juis wat so feul moeite feroorsaak fer imand wat Engels of Hollans of enigeen fan di meeste nuwe tale moet leer. En nou di Afrikaner in syn hulp-werkwoorde tog di onfolmaak ferlede tyd behou het, meer as Engels, kom hy daar net so fêr mé, omdat di meeste ferfoegingsforme tog mar met di hulpwerkwoorde gemaak word. Buitendiin gebruik di Afrikaner in ferhalende styl meesal di teenwoordige tyd met di historise bywoord toen, wat di saak des te anskoueliker foorstel, omtrent nes in Hebreeus, wat yntlik mar 2 tyde het, ferlede en toekomende tyd.	Notes. - 1) It greatly simplifies Cape Dutch, that the Imperfect Tense is abolished and that all irregular verbs are made regular, because this is the greatest difficulty for anyone learning English or Dutch and most modern languages. And as Cape Dutch retains the Imperfect in Auxiliary Verbs, more than English, it suffices for all practical purposes, because the greater part of our conjugations are made up by Auxiliary Verbs as we have seen. Besides in Cape Dutch the Present is really used as the Historic Tense, with an adverb of time toen (then), making the description of events more graphic, just as in Hebrew, which actually only has 2 tenses, past and future.
2) Engels en andere nuwe tale erken 3 ferlede tyde, en daaran gé hulle teenwoordig sulke ferskillende en onduidelike name, dat ons mar liwers by di oue benaming bly, namelik:-	2) English and other modern lauguages distinguish 3 Past Tenses, and so many different names are given to them, that we rather retain the old nomenclature:-
Onfolmaak Ferlede (Imperfect) I walked. Folmaak Ferlede (Perfect) I have walked. Meer-as-Folmaak Ferlede (Pluperfect) - I had walked.
Mar di nadenkende leser siin duidelik dat di werkwoord walk self in al 3 mar eenders bly, namelik walked, di ferdere ferskil bestaan mar in di hulpwerkwoord.	But the thoughtful reader will see himself that the verb walk remains the same in all past tenses, namely walked, further difference is made by the Auxiliary Verb.
Teenwoordige tyd (Present) - loop (to walk). Verlede tyd (Past) geloop hê (to have walked).
10. Di onbepaalde maniir het mar twé tye:-	10. The Infinitive Mood has only 2 Tenses:-
11. By di bepaalde maniir reken ons di antonende, anfoegende, en gebidende manire.	11. The Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative Moods we call Difinitive Moods.

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Anmerking. - Di gebidende maniir tel ons by di bepaalde, omdat di persone daarby bepaald word, soos: loop jy! loop julle! mar in form is dit gelyk an di onbepaalde.	Note. - We classify the Imperative Mood under the Definite Moods, because the persons are expressed together with it, as walk ye or you! otherwise it is the same in form as the infinitive.
12. By di ferfoeging fan di werkwoorde moet ons oek nog 'n woortji sê fan di deelwoorde. Di het twé tye, teenwoordige en ferlede. Di teenwoordige deelwoord word gemaak deur end agter, en di ferlede deur gé fóór di werkwoord te set, soos:-	12. Participles have 2 Tenses, Present and Past, formed in Cape Dutch by adding end as a suffix to the verb for the Present and affixing ge for the past and in English ing is added as suffix for the present and ed for the past, thus:-
Onbepaalde maniir. Teenwoordige deelwoord. Ferlede Deelwoord. (Infin. Mood). (Present Participle). (Past Participle). Loop (walk) lopend (walking) geloop (walked). Kook (boil) kokend (boiling) gekook (boiled).
13. Di teenwoordige deelwoord word in Afrikaans altyd gebruik as 'n hoedanighydswoord.	13. The Present Participle is in Cape Dutch always used as an Adjective.
14. Di ferlede deelwoord word gebruik same met di hulpwerkwoorde om di ferlede tyd fan di werkwoord te maak.	14. The Past Participle is used together with the Auxiliary Verbs to form the Past Tenses of Verbs.
15. Di werkwoorde het dri Persone in di enkelfoud en meerfoud:-	15. Verbs have 3 Persons in Singular and Plural:-
1 Pers. 2 Pers. 3 Pers Enkelf. (Sing.) - Ek loop (I walk). Jy loop (you walk). Hy loop (he walks). Meerf. (Plural) - Ons loop (we walk). Julle loop (you walk). Hulle loop (they walk.)
Anmerking. - Di persone in Afrikaans maak gen ferskil an di ferfoeging fan di werkwoord self ni; en in Engels is di enigste ferskil di s in di derde persoon enkelfoud teenwoordige tyd, sodat di persone hiir yntlik ni te pas kom ni. Mar ons gé dit daarom mar an, omdat di mense daaran gewend is in ander spraakkunste. Mar by di foorbeelde gé ons mar net di eerste persoon an.	Note. - In Cape Dutch the Persons make no difference in the conjugation of the Verb, and in English the only difference is the s suffixed in the third person singular present tense; consequently it is not necessary to give the Persons in the whole conjugation for the sake of that single s. We only give the distinction of persons here, as such is in common use; but in the following examples we only give the First Person.
16. Di follende foorbeelde sal ferder alles duidelik maak:-	16. The following examples will further explain everything:-

Bepaalde Maniir. Indicative Mood.
Teenw. T.	ek het	ek is	ek word	ek kan	ek moet	ek wil
Present T.	I have	I am		I can	I must	I will
Onf. Ferl. T.	ek had	ek was	ek werd	ek kon	ek moes	ek wou
Imperfect T.	I had	I was		I could		I would
Fol. Ferl. T.	ek het gehad	ek is of was gewees	ek is of was geworde	ek het gekan	ek het gemoet	ek het gewil
Perfect T.	I have had	I have or had been

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1e Toek. T.	ek sal hê	ek sal wees	ek sal worde	ek sal kan	ek sal moet	ek sal wil
1st Future T.	I shall have	I shall be
2e Toek. T.	ek sal gehad hê	ek sal gewees hê	ek sal geworde hê of wees	ek sal gekan hê	ek sal gemoet hê	ek sal gewil hê
2nd Future T.	I shall have had	I will have been
1e Foorwaardelike T. T	ek sou hê	ek sou wees	ek sou worde	ek sou kan	ek sou moet	ek sou wil
1st Conditional Fut. T.	I should have	I should be
2e Foorw. T.T.	ek sou gehad hê	ek sou gewees hê	ek sou geworde of gewees hê	ek sou gekan hê	ek sou gemoet hê	ek sou gewil hê
2nd Cond. F.T.	I should have had	I should have been

Note. - In Cape Dutch of the Auxiliary Verb sal there are only the Past and Imperfect Tenses in use sal and sou, which are also used in forming the Future Tenses in the conjugation of other verbs. In English in the same manner may and might is used in the subjunctive mood.

Ferfoeging fan di o'ergaande Werkwoord: Roep.
(Conjugation of the Transitive Verb: To Call.
Bedrywende Form. - (Active Voice).
Onbepaalde Maniir. - (Infinitive Mood).
Teenwoordige Tyd (Present Tense): roep (to call).
Ferlede Tyd (Past Tense): geroep hê (to have called.
Ferlede Deelwoord (Past Participle): geroep (called)
Ferlede Bepaalde Maniir (Indicative Mood).

Teenw. Tyd (Present Tense): ek roep (I call).

           (Imperfect)            (I called).

Ferlede Tyd (Perfect): ek het geroep (I have called).

1e Toekomende Tyd (first Future Tense): ek sal roep (I will call).

2e Toekomende Tyd (second Future Tense): ek sal geroep hê (I will have called).

1e Foorwaardelike Toek. T. (first Conditional Future T.): ek sou roep (I would call).

2e Foorwaardelike Toek. T. (second Conditional Fut. T.): ek sou geroep hê (I would have called).

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Lydende Form. (Passive Voice).
Onbepaalde Maniir. (Infinitive Mood).

Teenw. T. (Present T.): Geroep worde (to be called).

Ferl. T. (Past T.): Geroep geworde hê of wees (to have been called).

Bepaalde Maniir. (Indicative Mood).

Teenw. T. (Present T.): Ek word geroep (I am called).

Onf. Ferl. T. (Imperfect T.): Ek werd geroep (I was called).

Folm. Ferl. T. (Perfect T.): Ek is geroep (I have been called).

Meeras Ferl. T. (Pluperfect T.): Ek was geroep (I had been called).

1e. Toek, T. (1st Future T.): Ek sal geroep worde (I shall be called).

2e. Toek, T. (2nd Future T.): Ek sal geroep wees (I shall have been called).

1e. Foorw. T. (1st Cond. Future T.): Ek sou geroep worde (I should be called).

2e. Foorw. T. (2nd Cond. Future T.): Ek sou geroep geworde wees (I should have been called).