Fergelijkende taalkunde fan Afrikaans en Engels. Comparative Grammar of English and Cape Dutch

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Fergelijkende Taalkunde fan Afrikaans en Engels.
Comparative Grammar of English and Cape Dutch.

Eerste Deel.
Om di Woorde Reg te Skrywe.
First Part.
Orthography.

I. O'er di Letters.
I. The Alphabet.

1. 'n Taal bestaan uit woorde, en di woorde word geskrywe met letters, wat uitgespreek worde in lettergrepe.	1. A language consists of words, and words are written in letters, which are pronounced in syllables.
2. In Afrikaans en Engels, soos in di meeste nuwe tale, gebruik ons di Latynse letters, 26 in getal, soos ons dit hiir laat folg, in grote en klyne lettertékens:-	2. In English and in Cape Dutch, as in most modern languages, we use the Latin Alphabet, which consists of 26 letters, written in capital and small letters, as follows:-
A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z.	A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z.
Anmerking. - Di meeste one tale had elkeen hulle yge letters, wat di uitdrukking was fan di gebruikte klanke in elke taal. So had Hebreeus, Griiks, Latyn, en nog baing andere tale, elkeen syn aparte alfabet, waarfan ferskye letters onderling o'ereenkom, mar enkele bygefoeg en afgelaat werd in di ferskillende tale. Mar nou di nuwe tale mees almal di Latynse letters o'ergeneem het, is dit begrypelik, dat diselfde letters ni juis pas fer al di klanke in di ferskillende tale ni. Dit moet ons goed in di oog hou, want hiiruit word di follende punte in ons letterskrif eers begrypelik.	Note. - Almost all ancient languages had each its own distinctive alphabet, which was adapted to the sounds peculiar to each respective language. Thus Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and many other languages, had each its own alphabet, of which several letters were identical or similar, thus clearly showing a common origin, but some were added and others omitted in the different languages as required. Now, since most of our modern languages have adopted the Latin alphabet, the natural consequence is, that this same alphabet does not accurately express all the sounds of the different languages. This aught to be kept in view, because it explains the following material points in our orthography.
3. Om di rede gebruik ons in Afrikaans ni al 26 Latynse letters ni, omdat di Latynse taal klanke had wat ons ni het ni. So gebruik ons di follende letters net in freemde name en woorde, mar in Afrikaans ferfang ons hulle met andere letters, wat meer met ons klanke o'ereenkom:-	3 For this reason all 26 letters of the Latin alphabet are not used in Cape Dutch, since Latin had sounds which are not used in Cape Dutch. Thus the following letters are only used in foreign names and words, but in Cape Dutch they are replaced by corresponding letters, better adapted to the relative sounds:-

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c, - wat ferfang word deur 'n k, soos kapittel, kandidaat, ens.; en somtyds deur 'n s, soos sederboom, sement, ens., en ch deur 'n g, soos gristelik, in plaas fan christelik, ens.	c, - is replaced by k as in kapittel (chapter), kandidaat (candidate), etc., and sometimes by s, as sederboom (cedar tree), sement (cement), etc., and ch by g, as gristelik (christian), etc.
q, - of qu, wat altyd samegaan, ferfang ons deur kw, soos kwessi, kwalityt, ens.	q, - or qu (which are inseparable) is replaced by kw, as in kwantityt (quantity), kwessi (question), etc.
v, - waarfoor ons altyd f gebruik.	v, - always f is used instead.
x, - waarfoor ons ks het, soos eksketeur.	x, - replaced by ks, as eksketeur (executor).
z, - wat ons ferfang deur s.	z, - replaced by s.
Anmerking. - In Italiaans, Spaans, en Sweeds word di ongebruikte letters oek deur ferwante letters ferfang.	Note. - In Italian, Spanish and Swedish also those letters which are not used are replaced by corresponding letters.
4. Mar omgekeer, an di ander kant het ons nou weer te min letters fer al di klanke wat in Afrikaans en Engels ontwikkel is en waarfoor di Latynse taal gen letters het ni. In di gebrek fersiin ons op 3 manire:-	4. But on the other hand we have too few letters in the adapted Latin alphabet to express all sounds in English and Cape Dutch, because we have sounds for which the Latin alphabet has no letters; this deficiency is supplemented in 3 ways:-
a) deur di letters te ferdubbel, soos mar, daar, ens.;	a) by doubling letters, as in met and meet, rod and rood, etc.;
b) deur toontékens op di letters te plaas, soos gegé, wêreld, ens.;	b) by placing accents on letters in Cape Dutch as in wêreld (world), gegé (given), etc.;
c) deur 2 of 3 letters same te set fer een klank, soos baing, mooi, ens. (Wat ferkeerdelik twe- of driklanke genoem word, hoewel dit mar een klank is wat met 2 of 3 lettertékens uitgedruk word.)	c) by using 2 or 3 vowels to express one sound, as baing (many) mooi (pretty), etc.
5. Dit geld feral fan di klinkers, want ons het mar 6 klink-letters om 25 klanke uit te druk in Afrikaans, en 26 in Engels (soos later sal blyk). Tog kom dit oek foor by enkele mede-klinkers, soos by ng, wat in Afrikaans en Engels staan fer een klank, waarfoor ons gen letter het ni. Daarom kan di 2 letters oek ni gesky worde ni. Befoorbeeld ding, daarfan is di meerfond ni din-ge ni, mar ding-e. So di Engelse woord sing word by ferlenging ni sin-ging ni, mar sing-ing. Dus maak di ng, nes di qu (in Engels) fytelik een klank uit, wat deur 2 letters uitgedruk word.	5. This remark applies especially to vowels, because in English as well as in Cape Dutch we have only 6 vowels, with which to express 26 and 25 sounds respectively (as will appear later on). But this is also the case with a few consonants, as ng (in singing), qu (in quality), th (in without), which, though 2 separate letters, together only express one single sound, so that they can never be pronounced sin-ging and wit-hout. Because ng, qu and th in such cases represent one single sound, they are inseparable.

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6. Omdat ferskillende tale nou di Latynse letters so goed as molik is toepas op hulle klanke, daarom word oek diselfde letters ni eenders uitgespreek in al di tale ni. So spreek di Engelse di follende letters anders uit as di Afrikaners:- Eng. a soos Afrikaans y, in late. Eng. g soos Afrikaans j, in gem. Eng. i soos Afrikaans ai, in mine. Eng. o soos Afrikaans ou, in go. Eng. v soos Afrikaans w, in very. Eng. y soos Afrikaans aai, in my. N. B! Di Engelse uitspraak fan g in go, gas, give, ens., het ons ni in Afrikaans ni.	6. Since the Latin alphabet is used in different modern languages to express their several peculiar sounds as near as possible, it follows that the same letters are not pronounced alike in different languages. Thus the following letters are pronounced differently in English and Cape Dutch:- Eng. a, Cape Dutch y, in myn. Eng. g, Cape Dutch j, in jou, Eng. i, Cape Dutch ai, in hai. Eng. o, Cape Dutch ou, in gou. Eng. v, Cape Dutch w, in weg. Eng. y, Cape Dutch aai, in waai. N.B. The English pronunciation of g in go, gas, give, etc. is not found in Cape Dutch.
7. As ons nou genoeg letters had fer alle klanke in ons taal, dan sou dit net nodig wees om di letters en hulle klanke goed te ken, om al di klanke deur letters uit te druk. Mar omdat ons nou aldus moet sukkel met freemde letters, wat ni juis fer al ons klanke pas ni, daarom is dit swaar om fereers te leer hoe 'n taal reg te skrywe, en feral by anleer fan 'n freemde taal. Daarom laat ons hiir nou folg 'n lys, eers hoe di Afrikaner syn klanke deur letters uitdruk, met foorbeelde in Afrikaans en Engels (so fêr as Engels diselfde klanke het), en dan hoe di Engelsman syn klanke deur letters uitdruk, met foorbeelde in Engels en Afrikaans (so fêr as Afrikaans diselfde klanke het). Natuurlik kom di klanke in di foorbeelde ni altyd folkome o'ereen ni; mar dis so na molik is.	7. Now, if we had sufficient letters to express all sounds in our language, it would only be necessary to know the letters and their sounds in order to express such sounds in letters. But as we have to express our sounds through an insufficient alphabet, it is difficult properly to express all sounds in writing, especially in learning a foreign language. For this reason we now give a list, showing first how the Africander expresses his sounds in letters, with examples in Cape Dutch and English (as far as English has got the same sounds), and then another list, showing how the Englishman expresses his sounds in letters, with examples in English and Cape Dutch (as far as the latter has got the same sounds). Naturally these sounds in the examples are not always identical, but only approximately equivalent, as far as possible

Hoe di Afrikaner syn Klanke in Letters uitdruk.
How the Englishman expresses his Sounds in Letters.

		Afrikaans.	Engels.			English.	Cape Dutch.
a	in	mar		a	in	fate	fyt
{ a	in	pa	father	a	in	fall	rol
{ aa	in	maar	far	a	in	far	faar
e	in	net	net	a	in	fat	fet
ee	in	meet	meet	{ e	in	mete	meet
é	in	gegé	spree	{ ee	in	meet	meet
è	in	nè?		{ ea	in	meat	miit

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ê	in	fêr	fair	e	in	pet	pet
i	in	pit	pit	{ e	in	herd
ii	in	siil	if	{ ea	in	heard
o	in	pot	pot	i	in	pit	pit
oo	in	poot		i	in	bite	baing
ô	in	nô tog!	autumn	o	in	poke	sou
u	in	put	urgent	o	in	pot	pot
uu	in	puur		u	in	rude	roer
y	in	myn	main	u	in	fun	fan
ai	in	baing	by	y	in	why	wai
aai	in	waar	why	ai	in	fair	fêr
eu	in	deur		ai	in	raid	ryt
eeu	in	leeu	beauty	au	in	autumn	nô
oe	in	soep	soup	ei	in	either	raisel
oi	in	goi	boy	ei	in	either	imand
ou	in	sout	wrote	ie	in	thief	diif
ooi	in	mooi		oa	in	broad	nô
ei	in	stoei		oi	in	hoist	goi
oui	in	uit		ou	in	stout	stout
				ue	in	true	troef
				ui	in	suit	soet
				eau	in	beauty	leeu

Oefening: - Neem di freemde letters c q, v, x, z, uit in di follende sinne en set di regte letters in di plek daarfan:- Dit ge extra veul moeite om 'n taal zuiver goed te skrywe, mar cyfer is nog zwaarder, veral as jy eers moeielike quessiis moet ontcyfer.	Exercise: - In the following sentences (parallel column) replace the foreign characters c, q, v, x and z, by the proper characters:-
Anmerking. - Di oorsprong fan onse letterskrif is nog altyd 'n kwessi tussen geleerde. Di oue Egiptenaars het 'n soort fan hylige skrif gehad, dis afbeeldings wat almal 'n betékenis had, so had hulle 1,700 sulke afbeeldings wat hulle hieroglife genoem het. Natuurlik is dit 'n moeielike maniir fan skrywe, net mar fer di ingewyde of priesters. Di Sinése het weer fer elke woord 'n aparte lettertéken; so het hulle ruim 43,000 letters. Dis nog moeieliker. Di gewone a b c tel 26 letters, wat so samegefoeg word dat dit 'n onyndige menigte klanke uitdruk. Ons het nou wel besware, omdat dit y'entlik te min is, en ni net geskik fer al onse klanke ni. Tog is dit 'n grote gemak.	Note. - The origin of using written charaters for expressing sounds is still an unsolved problem amongst scholars. The ancient Egyptians had a sort of sacred writing in hieroglyphics, or writing in pictures, of which they used 1,700, having each a different meaning. This was naturally an intricate mode of writing, used only by the initiated or priests. The Chinese again use a separate written character for every word, so that they have fully 43,000 letters, which is still more difficult. The usual alphabet consists only of 26 letters, which are used to express certain sounds and are thus combined as to express all possible sounds. We now find certain difficulties, because we actually have too few characters, and those not adapted for all sounds, still this invention is a vast inprovement upon the above-named two modes of writing.
Mar nou kom di fraag: waarfandaan kom di lettertekens? Want di letters kom in al di tale so fêr o'ereen, dat 'n mens maklik kan siin, dat hulle een oorsprong het. Omtrent di oorsprong is daar 2 opiniis:-	But now the question arises, whence have these characters or this mode of writing its origin? For there is such a similarity between these characters in the alphabets of the different languages, that they must have had a common origin. Concerning this origin there are two different theories:-

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a. Eers het sommige gemeen, dat di 26 letters uitgesoek is uit di 1,700 hieroglife fer di algemene gebruik, en dus oorspronkelik oek mar afbeeldings fan sekere foorwerpe was. Mar De Rougé het angetoon, dat di letters ontstaan is uit oue letters, wat di priisters gebruik het, lank foor di hieroglife uit Egipte na Fenici'e en fandaar na di ander folke o'ergekom het.

a. At first some were of opinion, that these 26 characters had been selected from the 1,700 hieroglyphics for general use, and consequently also were originally pictures of certain objects. But De Rougé has proved, that these characters were in use amongst the priests in Egypt long before the hieroglyphics, and that their use was thence brought to Phoenicia, and thence to other nations.

b. Bilderdijk is feral di man wat met grote skerpsinnighyd wou aantoon dat di letter-tekens niks anders is as afbeeldings fan di spraakorgane, soos hulle in werking is by di uitspreek fan di letters, befoorbeeld di O is di ronde ope lippe by uitspreek; di B is di geslote lippe; di T is di tong teen di tande by uitspreek, enz. (Kyk syn boek o'er ‘Het Letterschrift’). Mar nuwe taalgeleerde ferwerp di mening.

b. It was especially Bilderdijk who has tried to show with great ingenuity, that our written characters are nothing else but pictures of our organs of speech, as they are used in pronouncing these letters, e.g. the O is a picture of the rounded open lips at pronouncing; the B on the contrary pictures the closed lips; the T resembles the tongue against the teeth, &c. (See his treatise on ‘Het Letterschrift’). But modern philologists reject this theory.