|
| |
| |
| |
Index
| Abasiekong, Daniel, 176 |
| Abdurahman, Dr, 179-80 |
| Abrahams, Peter, 141; birth, 144; contrasted with La Guma, 142-3; impact of black US writers, 147; prenationalist period, 142-3; romantic idealism, 143; women characters, 145-6; Dark Testament, 143; Mine Boy, 112, 143; A Night of Their Own, 143; The Path of Thunder, 70, 143, 146-53 passim; Return to Goli, 143; Song of the City, 143; Tell Freedom, 143, 144-8, 163; Wild Conquest, 124, 143, 148, 149, 152, 153; A Wreath for Udomo, 143 |
| Achebe, Chinua (Nigerian novelist), 41, 140-2; Morning Yet on Creation Day, 141; Things Fall Apart, 152-3 |
| Acts of Parliament, and ‘coloured’ people: Asiatic (Transvaal Land and Trading) Act (1939), 191; Coloured Persons Settlement Act (1946), 191; Customs Act, 131; Disability Grants Act (1946), 191; Group Areas Acts (1950, 1957), 169, 192, 207 n.21; Immorality Act (1927), 10, 67, 191-2, (amendment, 1950), 191-2; Industrial Conciliation Act (1956), 192; Job Reservation Act, 169; Native Administration Act (1927), 191; Native Urban Areas Act (1923), 190; Nursing Act (1957), 192; Pensions Act (1928), 4, 190-1, (1931, 1934), 4; Population Registration Act (1950), 3-5, 192, 207 n.21; Post Office Act (1958), 131; Precious and Base Metal Act (1908), 190; Prisons Act (1959), 131; Proclamation 46 (1959), 5, 192; Proclamation 123 (1967), 5, 192; Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949), 10, 67, 191; Publication and Entertainment Law (1963), 131; Amendment Bill, 132; Riotous Assembly Act, 131; Separate Representation of Voters Act (1951), 8; South Africa Act (draft), 180; Suppression of Communism Act (1950), 130-1 |
| Africa, H.P., on La Guma's A Walk in the Night, 96-7, 157-8; A Study of Language in Fictional Realism, 95-6, 157 |
| Africa, colonial period, 41, 166; see also slaves |
| ‘Africaander’, equated with ‘white’, 41 |
| African, legally unrecognized term, 3 |
| African National Congress (ANC), 2, 178, 181, 213 n.6 |
| African People's Organization (APO), 181, 220; aims, 179-80 |
| Africans, 6; results of assimilation, 169; exclusion from franchise, 178; influx into urban areas, 7; portrayal by whites, 47, 50; see also ‘noble savage’ concept |
| Afrikaans, 141; and ‘coloureds’, 3, 80, 90-4 passim; educational medium, 91; ‘Hotnotstaal’, 19; and Khoisans, 185, 187; language of apartheid, 90, 91, 94; multiracial achievement, 117; origins, 20-3, 117; political weapon, 91-2;
|
| |
| |
| prized by Afrikaners, 20; scholars, 21-3; tribalist adherents, 133; use of specific terms, 21, 35, 43, 55, 76, 90; see also Creole |
| Afrikaans Language Movement, i, 20 31-4, 35, 187, 189 |
| Afrikaans literature and culture: attitude of ‘coloured’ writers, 89, 129; and ‘coloureds’, 1, 35, 36, 66, 84, 150; ‘coloured’ child in, 73-4; dissident writers, 133, and Hottentots, 19, 24, 26-8; moralistic themes, 84; the novel, 36; rural basis, 35, 48, 85-6; and slavery, 185, 188; white-black first encounter, 35 |
| Afrikaansdom, 2, 3, 10 |
| Afrikaner nationalism, 7, 8, 30-2, 208 n.5; and ‘poor whites’, 9; role of language, 22, 202 n.52 |
| Afrikanerdom, 2, 10, 94, 97, 114; aim, 10; and ‘coloureds’ as nationals, 10; danger from Boer mythical past, 165; glorification of historic past, 123; Hertzog prize and ‘coloureds’, 131; Sestigers and, 116, 118; society, 128, 130 |
| Afrikaners, viii; attempted Anglo-Saxonization, 31; ‘benevolent paternalism’, 45; and ‘Cape coloureds’, 92-3; and ‘coloureds’, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 130, 167; containment of ‘blacks and browns’, 9; cultural debt to Khoi, 20; fear of term ‘African’, 3; and English, 31; ‘Jakob Platjie’ image, 29, 187; nature of power, 130, 182; and Small's works, 108, 111; synonymous with whites, 30; urban migration, 90 |
| Afro-American poetry, 170 |
| Albocentrism, definition, 22 |
| alcoholism: of ‘coloureds’, alleged, 48; of Hottentots, portrayed, 24-9 passim |
| All African Conventions (AAC), 181, 220 |
| America: Quaker activity, 25; soul brotherism and black power, 166, 171 |
| Amerindians and Hottentots, 19 |
| Anglo-Boer war, 9, 31, 66, 116, 124, 202 n.55 |
| Angola, 12 |
| Anthony, Michael, The Year in San Fernando, 72 |
| Anti-CAD (Coloured Affairs Dept), 81, 89, 220; influence, 182 |
| anti-clericalism in black poetry, 170 |
| anti-slavery: the African as ‘good negro’, 187; and Anglo-native alliances, 58; novels, 25, 34; Pringle and, 184 |
| Antilles, 92; ‘been-to’ snobbery, 168; French control through stereotypes, vi; poets, 107; role of négritude, 166 |
| apartheid, 44, 51; Afrikaner intellectual apology, 177; attitudes of whites and ‘coloureds’, 164, 165; black and white opponents, 117-18; childhood realization, 71; ‘coloured’ youth revolt (1976), 2; consequences of rejection for white writers, 120; creation of ethnic identity, 167; defined by Breytenbach, 118; fear of open condemnation, 164; institutions, 90; in literature, 70, 139; political policy, 8; prison derelicts, 157; after Sharpeville, 101 |
| d'Arbez (ps. of J.F. van Oordt), Mooi Annie, 124 |
| Armah, K. (Ghanaian writer), Fragments, 111-12 |
| Asiatics, 3, 4, 144; statutory definition, 3, 190-1, 192 |
| assimilation policy, vii, 169 |
| Aucamp, Hennie (Afrikaner writer), 73 |
|
| Bage, Robert, 58 |
| Balandier, George, and imposition of French values on indigenes, vii, 166 |
| ‘Bantoevolk’, 3 |
| Bantu, 3, 4, 53, 90, 91, 127, 167; Administration, 178 |
| Bastard-Hottentot, 21 |
| Bastiaanse, J., on Afrikaans, 91-2 |
| Beer, de, Rev., 132 |
| Beets, Rev., and Theron Commission, 164 |
| Bellville (university of ‘coloureds’), 90, 101, 102 |
| Beloff, Max, 142 |
| Bethelsdorp mission station, 184 |
| Beukes, G. and Lategan, F.: on Mikro, 43; on Petersen's As die son ondergaan, 81; on Toiings, 50 |
| |
| |
| Bezuidenhout, and Stagtersnek rebellion, 205 n.38 |
| Bibault, Hendrick, use of word ‘Africaander’, 41, 203 n.3 |
| Biko, Steve, 101, 102 |
| black consciousness, viii; appeal to children of apartheid, 101, 102; Cape Town youth, 2; ‘coloureds’ reaction to political repression, 6; conveyed by SASO, 102 |
| Black Literature and Arts Congress, 176 |
| Black People's Convention (BPC), 101 |
| black power, see America |
| black revolutionary movement, 117 |
| black writers: and apartheid, 173; and black woman, 172-3, 174-5; obsession with ‘colour’, 136; and short stories, 137-8; social novel, 141, 142, 163; and struggle for freedom, 136; and white public, 147; see also non-white creative writers |
| blacks: vii; African origin, 41; French stereotype of le nègre, vi; humiliation, 82; literary assessments, 35, 66; persecution after Sharpeville, 101 |
| Boerneef (ps. of I.W. van der Merwe), 48 |
| Boers: Afrikaner nationalism, 41; ‘coloureds’ and, 93; group identity, 165; portrayal of male Trekker, 65, 66 |
| Boni (Surinamese slave leader), 153 |
| Boniface, E., De Temperantisten, 23-7 |
| Bonteheuwel township, 96, 102, 111, 134; ‘coloured’ ghettoes, 177; police brutality, 89, 91 |
| Bosman, F.C.L., Drama en Toneel 1652-1855, 24, 25 |
| Botha, D.P., 1, 5; De opkoms van ons derde stand, 10, 15 |
| Breytenbach, Breyten (poet and political writer), 118, 119-20, 130, 133; and Afrikaner tribalism, 118-19, 120, 130, 133; and apartheid, 121; black revolutionary movement, 117; appeal in Holland, 121; archapostle of Sestigers, 117, 120; exile in Paris, 117, 119, 120, 121; imprisonment, 121-2, 131; marriage, 117; Small on, 122; white writers, 118; Die Beloofde Land, 119, 213 n. 10; Die hand vol vere, 120-1, 214 n.14; ‘The Fettered Spirit’, 118; Kouevuur, 214 n.13; Luistervink, 120; Skryt, 213 n.10, 214 n.12; ‘Vulture Culture’, 118, 119, 130 |
| Brindley, Marianne, Western Coloured Township, 206 n.7 |
| Brink, André: on banning books, 133-4; Kennis van die aand, 57, 117, 151, 152; assessment by Educational Journal, 127; cardinal theme, 123-6; censorship, 122, 124, 131; character of Josef Malan, 122-5, 129, 150; and colour question, 122, 123, 125, 128; miscegenation and violence, 123-4; overseas acclaim, 123; socio/political reactions, 122-3, 124-5; treatment of sex, 125-6; white women, 125 |
| British India, 14, 53 |
| Bruggen, Jochem van, portrays ‘poor white’, 43 |
| ‘Bruin Afrikaner’, 98, 99, 100, 127-8, 181 |
| ‘bruinman’, ‘bruinmense’, 6, 7, 35, 86, 90, 98, 117, 165; in Afrikaans novel, 35, 129; Small's image, 98-100 |
| Brutus, Dennis (black poet), 119, 133, 171; Abasiekong on, 176; in exile, 176; terrorism vocabulary, 176; Letters to Martha, 176-7 |
| Bunting, Brian, foreword to La Guma's And a Threefold Cord, 154 |
| Die Burger, 113, 119 |
| Bushmen, Khoisan people, 12, 43 |
| Butler, Guy, A Book of South African Verse, review, 135 |
| Buys, Coenraad, 63-5; fictionalized in Millin's King of the Bastards, 64-5 |
|
| Cairo, Edgar (Surinamese novelist), Collective Guilt, 208 n.12 |
| Calvinism, 40, 67, 69, 118 |
| Campbell, Joseph, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, 166, 178 |
| Cape, the: ‘colouredism’, 144; cultural climate, 25-6; Dutch behaviour on arrival, 16, 18-19; European-slave miscegenation, 12-13; fringe benefits for ‘coloureds’ and Africans, 84-5; language question, 90-1; relations with the Netherlands, 54-5 |
| |
| |
| ‘Cape coloured’, 7, 95; Afrikaans in language, 30, 95, 130; compared with Eurasians, 53; English liberal concern, 25; ethnic characteristics, 13, 53; European-based education, 168; Khoi-based cultural image, 25; miscegenation, 12-13, 20; lack basis for myth-formation, 123, 124; ‘playing white’, 92; political position, 7, 164, 165; portrayal as Hottentots, 26; racial category, 192; statutory definition, 3, 4, 5; stereotype images, 1, 80, 164, 166 |
| Cape Dutch, 23; kombuise paintings, 74 |
| Cape Huguenots, 12, 123 |
| Cape Liberalism, 8, 85 |
| Cape Native Voters Association, 181 |
| Cape Town, 12, 82, 89; Pringle visits jail, 184-5 |
| cargo cult, 111-12 |
| Cary, Joyce, 40, 41; African charges against, 47, 49; didactic purpose, 44; portrayal of non-whites, 42; The African Witch, 40; Aissa Saved, 40; Britain and West Africa, 40; The Case for African Freedom, 40; Mister Johnson, vii, 50; author's concept, 46, 49; character of hero, 45, 47, 48; compared with Mikro's Toiings, 47, 48; colonial setting, 41, 47, 48-9, 50; comic element, 41, 47-8, 49 |
| censorship, 130-4, 173, 184 |
| Césaire, Aimé (Martiniquean), Cahier d'un retour au pays natal, 166-7. |
| Ceylon, 14 |
| Chaka, 165 |
| Champly, Henry, White Woman, Coloured Man, 54 |
| Chaucer, Geoffrey, The Former Age, 188; The House of Fame, 137 |
| children: of apartheid generation, 71, 101-2; in fiction, 72, 73; in Third World writing, 72; see also coloured; half-caste; white |
| Chinese, 3, 4, 15, 192 |
| Christelike Nasionale Onderwys (CNO), 220 |
| Christian Nationalism, 30, 173 |
| Christian National Education (CNE), 91, 220 |
| Christianity, 15, 25, 107 |
| Church, the, 7, 105 |
| Cilliers, S.P., 1 |
| Clarke, Austin, Among Thistles and Thorns, 72 |
| class consciousness, 15, 159 |
| Cloete, Stuart, 84, 124; assessment of non-whites, 51, 66; ‘half-castes’, 65; ‘noble savage’ tradition, 64; The Hill of Doves, 66; The Mask, 66; The Turning Wheels, 41, 65; Watch for the Dawn, 66 |
| Cloete, T.T., on Breytenbach, 119 |
| Coetzee, Abel, 53; blood purity theme, 66, 67; Waarheen vader?, 67 |
| Colman, George, the Elder, The Africans, 25 |
| colonialism, 73, 93; and creative writing, 139; English-Dutch comparison, 55-6; European-oriented education, 168; indirect rule, 40, 44, 50; location of exile, 136; power-holder/dupe relationship, vii, 49, 166-7; social mobility, 168 |
| colour: and social status, 2; half-breed obsession, 54; novelists' approach, 67-70; white fear, 67, 68 |
| Coloured Advisory Council (CAD), 220 |
| Coloured Affairs Department (CAD), 84, 220; TLSA boycott, 181 |
| coloured children, 72-5; in Afrikaans literature, 73-4; education, 167-8 |
| Coloured Peoples' National Union (CPNU), 182, 220 |
| Coloured Representative Council (CRO), 164, 220 |
| ‘coloureds’, ascribed roles, 8, 35, 36, 84; classification, 190-3; comic syndrome, 35, 56; complexities of bi-cultural position, 111, 144; definitions, 3-7, 165-7; ethnocentric image, 32; father-figures, 145; gradations in colour, 2; inferiority complex, vi, 35, 43; need for notice and recognition, 107; origins, 20; political consciousness, 2, 165, 166; preferred nomenclature, vi, vii, 6, 165, 177; in racial hierarchy, vi, vii, 4, 169; synonyms, vii, 6, 7; ‘trying’/‘passing’/‘playing white’, 2, 3, 5, 70, 80, 198 n.7; white stereotypes, viii, 1, 2, 23, 152, 163-5; within white power structure, 84, 167; writers, 2, 171; see also ‘Cape coloured’ |
| |
| |
| Commelin, Isaac, travel accounts, 16 |
| communism, 100 |
| Conference of Commonwealth Literature (Aarhus, 1971), 169-70 |
| Conrad, Joseph, Nostromo, 88, 142 |
| Cottenje, Mireille, Het Grote Onrecht, 78 |
| Coulthard, G.R., Race and Colour in Caribbean Literature, 209 nn.41, 42, 211 n.47 |
| Creole: and Afrikaans, 22, 23; language, 92-3; low cultural status, 21; and Surinamese Dutch, 95 |
| Creole Portuguese language and Cape Dutch, 23 |
| Cruse, H.P., Die opheffing van die Kleurling bevolking, 15 |
| Cullen, Countee (US black poet), 137; The Dark Tower, 147; Incident, 71 |
|
| da Gama, Vasco, reception by Cape blacks, 17 |
| Damas, Leon (W. Indian poet), 170 |
| Dapper, Olfert, and name ‘Hottentot’, 16-17 |
| Day, Thomas and Blicknell, John, The Dying Negro, 187 |
| Dekker, G., Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis, 43; on Petersen's poetry, 81 |
| Derozio, Henry Louis (Eurasian poet), 53 |
| Domingo, Eddie, Okkies op die breë pad, 80 |
| Dönges, Dr E. (Afrikaner minister), viii, 67 |
| Dordt synod, 15 |
| Dostoevsky, N., The Possessed, 142 |
| Dover, Cedrick, Half-caste, 2, 52, 53, 54, 204 n.1 |
| Downs, E.V., 137 |
| Drake, St Clair, 80 |
| Drayton, Geoffrey, Christopher, 72 |
| Driver, Jonty, and Kennis Van der aand, 123 |
| Durrant, G.H., 135 |
| Dutch, the, 100, 123; and Cape indigenes, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19; arrival in SA (1652), 12, 16; colonials and half-castes, 54-5; self-attributed ‘tolerance’, 17; slave imports into the Cape, 12, 16 |
| Dutch East India Company, 12-13; Haarlem shipwreck, 17 |
| Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), 12, 54, 144; half-breed language, 55, 204 n.11; Indo literature, 55-7 |
| Dutch Guyana, see Surinam |
| Dutch language, 20, 21, 23; Indo usage, 55 |
| Dutch Reformed Church, 84, 104; and censorship, 122, 124, 132; instruction, 20; Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 130 |
|
| Edelstein, M., What Do the Coloureds Think?, 93, 165, 199 n.12 |
| D'eerste boeck van Willem Lodewijcksz, 16, 18 |
| England, 25, 147 |
| English language: cultural value, 93, 94; language of exploitation, 91; medium of SA writer, 141; preference over Afrikaans, 92 |
| English literature: and ‘colour’, 1-2; and half-caste, 52-3; inspiration for non-white writers, 137 |
| English paternalism, 45, 58 |
| Equiano's Travels, 34-5 |
| Ethiopians, 144 |
| ethnocentricity, 98 |
| Eurasians, compared with Eurafricans, 53 |
| Europeans, 25, 68; views of indigenes, 15-19, 47, 48 |
| Evangelicalism, and Anglo-native alliances, 58 |
| expatriates in African colonies, vi, 15 |
|
| Fabricius, Jan, Totok en Indo, 56, 57 |
| Fagunwa (Yoruba writer), 41 |
| Fairbairn, John, 23 |
| Fanon, Frauz, Black Skin, White Masks, 92, 125, 150, 168 |
| farmers, 36 |
| farmworkers, coloured, 57; literary portrayal, 35, 36-7; ‘tot’ syndrome, 26 |
| The First Book of Lodewijcksz, see D'eerste boeck |
| Fischer, Abraham, 118 |
| Flemish language, 30, 78, 202 n.52 |
| Forster, E.M., A Passage to India, 135, 216 n.1 |
| franchise, ‘coloureds’ position, 7, 8, 84, 169, 178, 180 |
| free burghers, Liesbeek settlement, 16 |
| Free State, 84 |
| |
| |
| Free State Grondwet (1854), 7, 84 |
| Freedom Charter (1955), 153 |
| French colonials, 54; see also Cape Hugenots |
| French West African colonies, vi; colonized élite, 166, 168; metropolitan links, 167; role of négritude, 166; ‘noble savage’ myth, 167 |
| Fugard, Athol, The Blook Knot, 70 |
| Fyfe, Christopher, ‘The Colonial Situation in Mister Johnson’, 44 |
|
| GRA, see Society for Proper Afrikaners |
| Garvey, Marcus, 148 |
| Germans, attitude to SA indigenes, 19 |
| Giovanni, Nikki (US black poetess), 173 |
| Gordimer, Nadine, The Black Interpreters, 82, 139, 175 |
| Gordon, Gerald, Let the Day Perish, 61, 67-9, 84 |
| Gorer, Geoffrey, 151 |
| government, SA: and investigative commissions, 8-9; new deal for parliament, 178; racial policies and social status, 2 |
| Graaff, Nicolaus de, Oost Indise Spiegel, 55 |
| Great Trek (1938), 25, 65, 124, 128, 152 |
| Greeks, 100, 169 |
| Greyling, Cas, 182 |
| Griquas, 3, 4, 191, 192 |
| Guadeloupe, 107 |
| Gugulethu, 177 |
|
| Hahn, Dr T., 21 |
| half-castes, 16, 84; children, 71; contributory genes, 53; literary portrayal, 52-4, 65; Millin on, 59, 63, 64-5, 84; stereotype, 70; threat to white racial supremacy, 53 |
| Hall, A., ‘The African Novels of Joyce Cary’, 46, 50 |
| Hardy, Thomas, inspiration to non-white writers, 137; Return of the Native banned, 132 |
| Harris, Wilson (West Indian novelist), The Native Phenomenon, vii, 169-70, 218 n.1 |
| Heever, C.M. van den, Somer, 27, 36-9 |
| Henderson, Stephen, defines soul, 172 |
| Hendrickse, Rev. Alan, 5-6 |
| Herrenvolk ideology, 91, 182 |
| Herskovits, M.J., The Myth of the Negro Past, 165 |
| Hertzog, James, and ‘coloureds’, 7-8, 84, 143; Smithfield speech (1925), 7, 9 |
| Hesseling, D.C., 17 |
| Hobson, G.C. and S.B., Skankwan van die duine, 30, 43, 86, 122 |
| Hockley, William Brown, 58 |
| Hondius, Jodocus, Klare Besgryving, 16 |
| Hoogenhout, C.P., nationalist poet, 31 |
| Horrell, Muriel, Race Relations in S. Africa, 132; Action, Reaction and Counter-action, 199 n.23 |
| ‘Hottentot Brokwa’, 16-17 |
| Hottentots: and ‘Cape coloured’, 1, 53; interpretations of term, 16; Khoisan people, 199 n.2; low cultural status, 21; observed by Pringle, 184, 187-8; relationship with whites, 29; stereotype, 19; surname in Netherlands, 17; ‘tot’ syndrome, 26, 28, 201 n.42; white users of term, 1, 12, 16, 24 |
| Houtman, Cornelis de, 16 |
| Howe, Susanne, 54, 58 |
| Hughes, Langston (US black poet), The Weary Blues, 147, 171, 172 |
| Huizinga, John, 114 |
| humour: absent from ideologies, 98; and realism, 50, 51; role in oppressed societies, 98, 103, 104, 109; in white-black situation, 49, 51, 98, 103; see also Cary, Mister Johnson; Mikro, Toiings; Small, Adam |
|
| immigrants (group classification), 3 |
| Imperial Federation League, 32 |
| Indians, 3, 4, 127, 178, 192 |
| Indonesian Archipelago, 14 |
| Indos: compared with ‘Cape coloureds’, 55, 56; derisive appellations, 55, 56; Dutch treatment, 55, 56; imitation of whites, 55; language, 55; krongtjong music, 55; portrayal in literature, 55, 56-7; stereotype, vii, 55; see also Dutch East Indies |
|
| Jabavu, John Tengu, 180 |
| Jacobson, Dan, Beggar My Neighbour, 73, 76-7 |
| |
| |
| Jaffe, Hoseah, Worker's Voice, 183 |
| Jeanpierre, W.A.: defines soul, 171-2; ‘African négritude’, 219 n.18 |
| Johannesburg: African work centre, 82; Asian ghetto, 144; black ghettoes, 85; ‘coloureds’ and, 6; Jim Comes to Jo-burg theme, 83 |
| Jones, Le Roi, Black Art, 171, 175 |
| Jonker, G., on Adam Small, 94, 98-9, 100, 144 |
| Jordan, A.C., 91-2 |
| Joubert, Dian (Afrikaner sociologist), 15 |
|
| ‘kaffer-boetie’ (negrophilist), 23, 129 |
| Karl, F.R., The Contemporary English Novel, 49, 50, 104-5, 142, 152 |
| Kettle, Arnold, on Cary's Mister Johnson, 50 |
| Khoi (Khoisan people), 1, 12, 19, 199 n.2; and Afrikaans, 21; and Afrikaners, 20; Dutch treatment, 16; literary portrayal, 1, 23, 24-7, 29, 60-1, 62, 64, 123; miscegenation, 12, 13; Pringle and, 185-7, 189; survival as folklore, 30 |
| Kierkegaard, Sören, quoted by Small, 105, 108 |
| Kimberley, TLSA conference (1943), 81, 181 |
| ‘kleurling’ (coloured), term used by whites, 35, 165 |
| Koenders (Surinamese), 95 |
| Krige, Uys (Afrikaner poet and dramatist), 96, 154 |
| Kühn, C.H.; see Mikro |
|
| La Guma, Alex, 85, 119, 133, 137, 142; brand of English (Englikaans) common to poor ‘coloureds’, 96-7, 141, 142, 156, 157-8; contrasted with Abrahams, 142; detention and exile, 131, 153, 154; political involvement, 131, 143, 153, 154, 158-60; social realism, 87, 143, 148, 156, 157, 158; ‘the unthinkable poor’, 157-8; And a Threefold Cord, 88, 153, 154-6; Apartheid, 130; In the Fog of the Season's End, 153, 159, 160; Out of Darkness, 138; The Stone Country, 153, 156-7; A Walk in the Night, 96-7, 126, 153, 157, 158 |
| La Guma, Jimmy (father of Alex), 153 |
| Laing, Sandra, 78, 193 |
| Lambreaux, Alain, Mulatto Johnny, 54 |
| Lamming, George, In the Castle of my Skin, 72, 73 |
| Langa, 177 |
| Langhenes, publisher of De Houtman voyage, 16 |
| language: and acculturation, 49; in colonial setting, 90, 91, 95; definition of ‘interference’, 97; instrument of enslavement, 94 |
| legislation, SA: group definitions, 3-4; racial, vi, vii; see also Acts of Parliament |
| Lenin, V., On Literature and Art, 140 |
| Leon, Sonny, and CRC, 164 |
| Lessing, Doris, 60 |
| Levsky, Vasil, 198 n.1 |
| Liberal Party, liberalism, 25, 83, 101; African interpretation, 83; critics of Kennis van die aand, 124 |
| Lindfors, B., 140 |
| Lodewijcksz, Willem, 16, 18 |
| London, location of exile, 136 |
| London Missionary Society, 23 |
| Louw, N.P. van Wyk, foreword to Botha's book on ‘coloureds’, 6-7 |
| Louw, W.E.G., and Small's play Kanna, 110 |
| Lugard, Lord (Governor), 40, 44, 50 |
|
| MacDermott, Mercia, The Apostle of Freedom, 198 n.1 |
| McDonald, Ian, The Humming-Bird Tree, 72, 78-9 |
| MacKay, Claude (W. Indian poet), 170 |
| Mackenzie, Henry, Julia de Roubigne, 25 |
| MacMillan, W.M., The Cape Colour Question, 1, 15 |
| Madagascar, 12, 14, 53 |
| Malan, Dr Daniel, 7, 10; and apartheid, 8, 84 |
| Malays, 3, 4, 8, 92; literary portrayal, 29, 86; slavery in Cape Town, 185 |
| Malherbe, D.F., 27; Hans die skipper, 38-9, 60; Die Meulenaar, 199 n.1; compared with Somer, 36, 37-8 |
| Malherbe, F.E.J., advice to ‘coloureds’, 35, 203 n.8; ‘comic ethnocentricity’, 45; review of Toiings, 42, 203 n.6; humour, 44-5; ‘Die kleurprobleem in die letterkunde’, 1, 35, 48 |
| |
| |
| Mandela, Nelson, 213 n.6 |
| Manenberg township, 111; ‘coloured’ ghettoes, 177; police brutality, 89, 134 |
| Mansfield, Katherine, on Millin's Dark River, 58 |
| Marais, J.S., The Cape Coloured People, 1, 15, 124 |
| Matthews, James (Jimmy), 171, 174; ‘Can the white man speak for me?’, 175-6; The Park, 73, 77 |
| Matthews, James and Thomas, Gladys, Cry Rage (anthology), 34, 172-6 |
| Mentzel, Otto, 13 |
| Mikro (ps. of C.H. Kühn), Calvinist background, 40; didactic purpose, 44; new treatment of ‘coloureds’, 40-2; Huisies teen die heuwel, 41, 48; Pelgrims, 41; Stille Uur, 41, 48; Toiings, 45, 124, 126; ‘Cape coloured’ hero, 44, 122; character, 45-6, 47, 48, 49; ‘coloureds’ reactions, 47, 48, 51; comic supremacy, 40, 41, 44, 49; compared with Mister Johnson, 47, 48; reviewed by Malherbe, 42-3; Vreemdelinge, 41 |
| Millin, Sarah Gertrude, 58, 67, 125; and ‘colour’, 2, 51, 54, 60-1, 71; miscegenation theme, 52, 59, 60-3, 84; Mphahlele's criticism, 43; racial preoccupation, 9, 52, 58, 60; ‘smelling strangeness’ symbolism, 60, 71; Adam's Rest, 2, 52, 54, 60-1, 71; The Dark River, 52, 58, 60; God's Step-children, 41, 52, 54, 57, 61-3; The Herr Witchdoctor, 52, 63; King of the Bastards, 52; fictionalizes Coenraad Buys, 64-5; The Measure of My Days, 52; The People of South Africa, 52; The South Africans, 59 |
| Milton, John, Areopagitica, 132, 133, 215 nn.32, 41 |
| Mittelholzer, Edgar (W. Indian writer), 66-7 |
| Moore, Gerald: on Mphahlele's prose, 85; on social role of drama, 110 |
| Moore, John, Zeluco, 25 |
| Morand Paul, Magie Noire, 54 |
| Mossel Bay, Dutch-Khoi encounter, 18 |
| Movement, the (Anti-CAD; NEUM; TLSA), 182-3 |
| Mozambique, 12, 14, 53 |
| Mphahlele, Ezekiel, 85, 119, 136; on Cary's Mister Johnson, vii, 46; exiled, 121; and humour, 51; assessment of Mikro, Millin, etc., 43-4; on the short story, 137; on the white man, 135-6; The African Image, 116, 137; Down Second Avenue (autobiographical), 85, 148 |
| Muller, Elise, Die Peertak, 73, 74-5; Twee Gesigte, 75-6; Die Vrou op die Skuit (anthology), 74 |
| Multatuli (ps. of Douwes-Dekker), Max Havelaar, 25 |
|
| Naipaul, Vidia, A House for Mr Biswas, 72 |
| Nakasa, Nat, death in exile, 131 |
| ‘natives’: abolition of franchise, 8; definition, 5; statutory term, 3, Western terminology, 15 |
| National Government (1948), 142-3; new constitutional proposals, 194-7 |
| National Liberation League, 149 |
| négritude, 170; first use, 166; modern myth, 166; reflected in ‘coloured’ thinking and writing, 166, 171; white fear, 177 |
| negrophilism, 23, 26; in Kennis van die aand, 129 |
| Neser, Regina, 53, 66, Kinders van Ishmaël, vii, 67 |
| New Era Fellowship (NEF), 181, 220 |
| Newscheck, on Adam Small, 96 |
| Ngugi (Kenyan writer), 141 |
| Niekerk, Lydia van, and ‘Jakob/Platjie’ image, 29-30, 201 n.45; use of terms ‘rooi-nekke’ and ‘geel-bekke’, 32 |
| Nienaber, G.S., ‘Origin of Name Hottentot’, 16, 17 |
| Nieuwenhuys, Rob, Oost-Indische Spiegel, 56 |
| Niger, Paul (Guadeloupe poet), Je n'aime pas l'Afrique, 107-8 |
| Nigeria, 40; see also Lugard |
| Nkosi, Lewis: ‘Jim come to Jo'Burg syndrome’, 83, 143; on Rive's use of dialogue, 162; on vernacular English novels, 83, 88; ‘Fiction by Black S. Africans’, 218 n.94; Home and Exile, 83 |
| ‘noble savage’ concept, 47, 58, 64, 187; French image, 167, 169 |
| |
| |
| Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM), 81, 89, 104, 220; influence, 182 |
| non-white creative writers, 135, 141, 147; journalist beginnings, 137, 139, 153; magazine location, 136-7; novels, 139, 141, 142, 144, 156, 162-3; portrayal of social conditions, 142, 163; short stories, 137-8 |
| non-whites, statutory group, 3 |
| Nortje, Arthur, 121, 131, 171 |
|
| O'Neill, Eugene, Emperor Jones, 54 |
| Opie, Amelia, 58 |
| Orange Free State, 190 |
| Orwell, George, 152 |
| O'Toole, J., Watts and Woodstock, 92, 103-4, 113, 145-6, 161 |
| Oyono, F., Une vie de boy, 35 |
|
| Pan African Congress (PAC), ‘coloureds’ abstention, 2 |
| Pan Africanism, 166 |
| Paris, exiles in, 136; colonial reverence, vii, 169 |
| Paton, Alan, Cry the Beloved Country, 36, 57, 69, 82, 83-4, 143; Too Late the Phalarope, 66, 69-70 |
| Patterson, S., Colour and Culture in S. Africa, 1 |
| PEN, S. Africa, 41 |
| People's Free Education Front, 102 |
| periodicals, magazines: Drum, 136; The Golden City Post, 136; Die Huisgenoot, 84, 86; Rooi Rose, 84; Die Sarie Marais, 84 |
| Petersen, S.V. (‘coloured’ poet and novelist), 2, 80-9, 131, 170; As die son ondergaan, 81-7; Die Eukeling, 80-1 |
| Philander, P.J., 80, 89, 98, 131 |
| Philip, Dr John, of LMS, 23 |
| Philippines, 14 |
| Plessis, P.G. de, critic of Paton, 69 |
| Plomer, William, Turbotte Wolfe, 82, 83 |
| political organizations and abbreviations, 220 |
| Poor White Problem, 9 |
| Portuguese, 12, 169 |
| Pringle, Thomas (poet and prose writer), 184; The Brown Hunter's Song, 187; The Bushman, 188; The Hottentot, 187-8; Jan Bantjies, 189; Narrative of a Residence in S. Africa, 184-5; To Oppression, 185-6; The Slave Dealer, 186; Slavery, 186 |
| Puritanical National Party, founded by Malan, 8 |
|
| Rabie, Jan (novelist), 133; Ons die afgod, 116, 117, 126, 127-8, 150 |
| Rabkin, D., ‘La Guma and Realism in S. Africa’, 159 |
| Race Classification Board, 192-3; and Sandra Laing, 193; laws, 169, 190-3 |
| racism, vii, 6, 80, 102, 139, 144-5 |
| Ramchand, Kenneth, 71, 78; The West Indian Novel, 136 |
| Ramusi, Mr, 177 |
| Rand Daily Mail, articles by Small, 102 |
| religion, instrument of black oppression, 105 |
| Rens, L.L.E., on Afrikaans-Creole resmblance, 22 |
| Retief, Piet, 165; Manifesto, 25 |
| Rhys, Jean, Wide Sargasso Sea, 71-2 |
| Rive, Richard, 133, 143; educated middle class characters, 160; political fiction, 143, 160-3; The Bench, 138-9; Dagga Smoker's Dream, 138; Emergency, 143, 160-3; Make Like Slaves, Soyinka on, 162 |
| Rivonia trial, 213 n.6 |
| Roumain, Jacques, anticlericalism, 105-6 |
| Rylate, V.E. (ps. of Hoseah Jaffe), 90 |
|
| Sachs, Wulf, Black Anger (Black Hamlet), 84 |
| Sampson, Anthony (ed. Drum), 136-7 |
| Sandra Laing, see Laing, Sandra |
| Sartre, Jean-Paul, 134, 139-40 |
| school system: apartheid, 167-8; bus boycotts, 143; French colonial, vi |
| Schreiner, Olive, 67, 82-3 |
| Segal, Ronald, 74 |
| segregation (Malan), 8 |
| Selvon, Samuel, A Brighter Sun, 72 |
| Senghor, Leopold, 172 |
| Serote, Mongané Wally, on Matthews, 176 |
| servants, 74-5 |
| |
| |
| Sestigers, 80, 114, 115; Afrikaner exercise, 134; and apartheid, 131; cultural revolution, 116; silent during Soweto, 134; Small's dilemma, 114, 115; stereotype blacks, 116; tribalism, 130, 131; University of Cape Town Conference, 127 |
| Shakespeare, William, 146-7, 203 n.l |
| Sharpeville (1960), 89, 143, 160; ‘coloured’ abstention, 2; exiled writers, 171; repercussions, 98, 99, 101 |
| Slagtersnek rebellion (1815), 66 |
| slavery, Pringle on its horrors, 184-5 |
| slaves: Abolitionist Movement, 34, 185; Afrikaner indebtedness, 20; basis of Cape economy, 16; female, 13; freeing of (1836), 25; half-breeds, half-castes, 13, 16, 53, import into SA, 12, 14; non-derogatory term, 24; protective regulations, 25; sources of and numbers freed, 13, 14, 123 |
| Small, Adam (‘coloured’ poet and dramatist), 2, 80, 88, 98, 100, 131, 171; and aesthetic function of poetry, 114; brand of Afrikaans (Kaaps), 94, 95, 96, 110, 141, 144; ‘Brown Afrikaner’ syndrome, 98, 99, 100, 102, 113-14; ‘coloured’ attitude to his works, 94-6, 97; criticized by Jonker, 98-9; inversion of Christian myth, 105, 106, 107; lecturer at Bellville, 102; literary role in oppressed society, 101; poetical treatment of humour, 102-3, 104, 109; and politics, 90, 100, 101, 102, 108-10; and satire, 104-5; use of flashback, 98; Die eerste steen, 99-100, 125, 150; Kanna Hy Kô Hystoe, 96, 110-13; Kitaar my kruis (anthology), 97-8, 106; author's foreword, 95, 104; poems from, 107-8, 109-10, 114, 209 n.43, 210 n.44, 211 nn.45, 48, 212 n.51, 213 n.62; Liberalis Gahêkkel, 108; Sê Sjibbolet, 105 |
| Smith, Pauline: The Beadle, 74; The Little Karroo, 74; Platkop's Children, 74, 76 |
| Smuts, General, 143, 181; on King of the Bastards, 64; United Party, 84 |
| social mobility: black S. Africans and, viii; role of Western education, 168 |
| Society for Proper Afrikaners (GRA), 30 |
| Somerset, Lord Charles, 184 |
| soul, soulbrotherism, 166, 170, 171-2, 177 |
| South Africa: anti-government stance, 101; and colour, 73, 144-6; nationalist rule, 81; political history and literature, 142-3, 153; post-war realism, 81; race classification, 190-3; see also censorship |
| South African nomenclature, 165, 169 |
| South African Coloured People's Organization (SACPO), 220 |
| South African literature: absence (of ‘coloured’ characters) 82, (of romantic or spiritual associations) 57-8; and colour, 23, 52, 53, 54, 60; ‘coloured’-Afrikaner relationship, 125; dearth of non-white novelists, 135; first ‘been-to’, 111; group conscious theme, 135; half-caste threat to white self-opinion, 53; portrayal of females and white males, 57; stereotyping (of ‘Cape coloureds’), 1, (of ‘coloureds’), vii, viii, 2-3, (of whites), 165; urban crisis theme, 82-5; white treatment of sex and heroes, 70 |
| South African Native Convention (1909), 180 |
| South African Republic (1938), and ‘coloured people, 7, 190 |
| South African Students' Organization for blacks (SASO), 101; and black consciousness, 102; ‘coloured’-black association, 171 |
| Soweto, viii, 91, 134, 177; ‘coloured’ support, 2, 102 |
| Soyinka, Wole (Nigerian writer), 140; Myth Literature and the African World, 162, 218 n.93; The Swampdwellers, 113; Telephone Conversation, 109 |
| Spender, Stephen, 174, 177 |
| Star, ‘Operation shut-up’, 132 |
| Stel, Willem Adriaan van der, 41 |
| Stellenbosch, 41 |
| Stendhal, The Red and the Black, 142 |
| stereotyping: essential characteristics, vi; means of control and repression, vi; French le nègre, vi; used to impose imputed characteristics on blacks, vii |
| |
| |
| Steyn, Frits, Wildsbokkie, 111 |
| stigmatization and stereotyping, vi; literary uses, vii |
| Surinam (Dutch Guyana), 22, 153; Creole position, vii, 95; lingua franca, 93, 95; Surinamese-Dutch, 95 |
| Sutherland, Joan, Challenge, 54 |
| Suzman, Arthur, on race classification, 3, 4-5, 190 |
|
| Teachers' Educational and Professional Association (TEPA), 181, 182 |
| Teachers' League of South Africa (TLSA), 181, 182, 220; influence on ‘coloureds’, 182; Kimberley conference (1943), 81, 182; language debates, 90, 91; politically militant, 181, 182 |
| TLSA Educational Journal: and Afrikaner nationalism, 208 n.5; editorial on Theron Report, 10-11; letter to Brink, 127, 131, 133; on birth of AAC and NEF, 181; on Small's use of dialect, 94; use of Afrikaans in teaching, 91 |
| Temperance Society, 23, 26 |
| Themba, Can, 137 |
| Theron Commission, 4, 6, 165; recommendations, 9-10 |
| Theron Report (1976), 3; and classification ‘coloured’, 4, 7, 9, 10, 165; preference for ‘South African’ identification, 6, 165; public reception, 10-11 |
| Third world, 136; role of children, 72; literature, 72, 101, 136 |
| Thomas, Gladys, ‘coloured’ poetess, 171; Haunted Eyes, 175; see also Matthews, James |
| Thompson, L., The Cape Coloured Franchise, 7, 8 |
| Toit, S.J. du, ‘How the Dutch Conquered the Cape’, 32-4 |
| Tomlinson Report (1955), 9, 11 |
| Toussaint l'Ouverture, 153, 165 |
| Transvaal, 84; Buys and his descendants, 63-4 |
| Die Transvaler, on Wilna's performance in Kanna 111 |
| Tucker, Martin, Africa in Modern Literature, 69-70, 151 |
| Turnbull, Colin, The Lonely African, 165 |
| Tutuola, Amos (Nigerian novelist), 41 |
|
| United Party, 84 |
| universities for ‘coloureds’, 89-90 |
| Union of South Africa (1910), 3, 4, 7, 180; and non-whites, 44; pre-Union literature, 82 |
|
| Valkhoff, Marius, genesis of Afrikaans, 23; studies in Portuguese and Creole, 22, 23 |
| van Arkel, D., and stereotypes, vii |
| van der Post, Laurens: on Olive Schreiner, 82-3; on Plomer's Turbotte Volfe, 83 |
| van der Ross, R.: and Theron Commission, 164; on Abdurahman, 179, 180 |
| van Kaam, Ben, on Hottentot as surname, 17 |
| van Meerhof, marriage to Khoi woman, 12, 20 |
| van Rheede tot Drakensteyn, Baron: on Cape slaves, 13; on the Khoi, 20-1 |
| van Riebeeck, Jan, 17, 20, 201 n.42; on European-slave women sexual relations, 12-13 |
| Vassa, Gustavus (Olaudah Equiano) (Nigerian slave poet), Equiano's Travels, 34-5 |
| Vechten, Carl van, Nigger Heaven, 54 |
| Venter, A., Coloured, 192 |
| Venter, Frans (novelist), 43 |
| Verwoerd, Hendrik, 10, 131 |
| Volkelt, J., System der Aesthetik, 44 |
| Voorhoeve, J., and Pidgin language, 22 |
| Vorster, Balthazar, 120, 121 |
| Vorster, Col. J.H., 167 |
| Vorster, Rev., on Kennis van die aand, 122 |
| Vrededorp, 144 |
|
| Wade, Michael, on Peter Abrahams, 145, 146 |
| Wall, Hans van der, De Paupers, 56-7 |
| Walt, Ronnie van der, re-classification, 193 |
| Waugh, Evelyn, 105; Black Mischief, 49, 50 |
| Wauthier, Claude, Literature and Thought of Modern Africa, 150 |
| Weinreich, Uriel, Language in Contact, 97 |
| |
| |
| Wellik, R. and Warren, A., Theory of Literature, 141 |
| West Africans, 51 |
| West Indian literature, 136; and religion, 105; négritude poets, 105; themes of childhood, 72 |
| West Indians; assimilation results, 169; poets, 170 |
| West Indies: European-orientated education, 168; results of social mobility, 168 |
| white children: effect of apartheid, 71; enshrined in childhood, 72; and fictional loving servant, 76 |
| whites: benevolent paternalism, 45, 48; and black power, 78; and black (‘coloured’) idiom, 173; fear of colour traces, 67, 68; and group consciousness, 68, 177; civic rights, 7; distorted portrayal of black men, 49; dominant social role, vi, 49; and literary image of ‘Hottentots’, 29; literary representation, 36, 38-9, 57, 68-9; removal of literary stereotypes, 82; and Small's poetry, 103; statutory definition, 3, 4, 12; use of terms ‘bruinmens’ and ‘kleurling’, 202 n.59 |
| Wielligh, G.R. von, 27; Jakob Platjie, 28-30 |
| Willems, Jan Frans, and ‘die taal’, 30 |
| Windermere township, 96; Uys Krige on, 154 |
| Wollstonecraft, Mary, 58 |
| women, Dutch half-caste, 12, 55 |
| Wright, Richard (Afro-US writer), Black Boy, 139 |
|
| Xhosas, 123 |
|
| youth, black: response to black consciousness, 102; on separate educastion, 177-8 |
|
| Zijderveld, Anton, 51, 98, 103, 104 |
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