Fergelijkende taalkunde fan Afrikaans en Engels. Comparative Grammar of English and Cape Dutch

V. O'er di Foornaamwoorde.
V. Pronouns.

1. Foornaamwoorde kom in di plek fan naamwoorde, om dit ni gedurig weer te moet herhaal ni. In plaas fan te sê: ‘Piet het di pêrd fan Piet ferkoop en toen het Piet spyt gehad,’ kan 'n mens sê: ‘Piet het syn pêrd ferkoop, en toen het hy spyt gehad.’ Di woorde syn en hy kom in di plaas van Piet, daarom is hulle foornaamwoorde.	1. Pronouns are words used instead of nouns, to avoid repetition. Thus instead of saying, ‘Peter has sold Peter's horse and then Peter was sorry,’ we say, ‘Peter has sold his horse, and then he was sorry.’ Here the words his and he come in the place of the proper noun Peter and are consequently called pronouns.
2. Ons het in Afrikaans en Engels, 6 soorte van Foornaamwoorde: persoonlike, besittelike, anwysende, betrekkelike, fragende, en wederkerende.	2. In English and Cape Dutch Pronouns are divided into 6 classes: personal, possessive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, and reflective.
3. Di persoonlike, besittelike en fragende foornaamwoorde het dri geslagte, twe getalle, en nog 'n o'erblyfsel fan ferbuiging in Afrikaans; mar di anwysende, betrekkelike en wederkerende blyf onferanderd.	3. The personal, possessive, and interrogative pronouns have 3 genders, 2 numbers, and a remnant of declension in Cape Dutch: but the demonstrative, relative and reflective are inflexible.
4. Di persoonlike foornaamwoorde wys an di persoon wat praat (of skryf), eerste persoon, enkelfoud, ek en my, meerfoud ons: di persoon met wi 'n mens praat, twede persoon, enkelfoud jy en jou, meerfoud julle; di persoon fan wi 'n mens praat, derde persoon, enkelfoud hy en hom, sy en haar, meerfoud hulle. Tot gemak gé ons dit in 'n lysi fan foornaamwoorde in Afrikaans en Engels:-	4. Personal Pronouns indicate the person that speaks, (or writes), first person; the person to whom is spoken (or written), second person; and the person of whom is spoken (or written), third person. The following comparative table will facilitate and elucidate it:

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Afrikaans. Engels. 1 Pers. enkelf. (sing.) ek en my I and me. 1 Pers. meerf. (plural) ons we and us. 2 Pers. enkelf. (sing.) jy en jou thou and you. 2 Pers. meerf. (plural) julle you and ye. 3 Pers. enkelf. (sing.) mann. (masc.) hy en hom he and him. 3 Pers. enkelf. (sing.) froue. (femin.) sy en haar she and her. 3 Pers. enkelf. (sing.) onsy. (neuter) dit, imand, ens. it, one, etc. 3 Pers. meerf, (plural) hulle they and them.
Anmerkings: - a. By di eerste en twede persoon word gen ferskil fan geslag gemaak ni. Dis ni nodig ni. Want dis mos di persoon wat praat en wat hoor. Nou hulle is by makaar en kan mos siin of dit 'n man of 'n frou is waar hulle me gesels Mar di derde persoon is ni altyd teenwoordig ni, daarom moet daarin di onderskyd fan geslagte angetoon worde.	Notes: - a. With the first and second person no distinction of gender is made. This is not necessary, because they are the persons in communication, speaking and hearing, (or writing and reading), so that they are aware whether the persons with whom they communicate are male or female. But the third person not always being present, the distinction of gender is necessary.
b. Dis di Afrikaner fan kindshyd af ferkeerdelik ingeprent, dat jy en jou en julle onbeleefd is, daarom as ons bid tot onse liwe Here, of as ons praat met imand wat hoger is as ons, dan sê ons u in plaas fan jy en jou, of ons herhaal di naamwoord. Di laaste doen ons di meeste: ‘Pa het fer my belowe Pa sal fer my een fan Pa syn pêrde gé,’ ens., in plaas fan: ‘Pa, jy het fer my belowe, jy sal fer my een fan jou pêrde ge,’ ens.	b. Wrongfully Africanders from early infancy were taught that it is uncivil and irreverent to use the second person of the personal pronoun jy and jou and julle, consequently in prayer to the Lord, and when speaking to superiors, they use the Dutch u, or they more frequently repeat the noun thus: ‘Papa has promised me Papa will give me one of Papa's horses,’ &c., instead of: ‘Papa you promised me, that you will give me one of your horses,’ &c.
c. By di twede persoon is Afrikaans duideliker as Engels en Hollans alby, omdat ons twé aparte woorde gebruik fer enkelfoud en meerfoud en hulle ni. Ons sê altyd fer enkelfoud jy en jou en fer meerfoud julle, mar Hollans sê fer alby gy, en Engels you. Hollans het wel fanseléwe gylieden gebruik fer meerfoud, mar nou ni meer ni; en Engels het wel thou fer enkelfoud, mar dit word mar gebruik in gebéde en gedigte, ens., ni in di gewone taal ni. Net so met di besittelike foornaamwoorde. Ons sê enkelfoud jou en meerfoud julle; mar Engels sê fer alby your, en Hollans uw. Befoorbeeld - Engels: You must learn your lesson. Enkelfoud en Meerfoud. Hollans: Gy moet uwe les leeren. Enkelfoud en Meerfoud. Afrikaans: Jy moet jou les leer. Enkelfoud. Julle moet julle les leer. Meerfoud.	c. In expressing the second person Cape Dutch is more distinct than either English or Dutch, using separate words for singular and plural, which they have not got In Cape Dutch the second person singular is always jy and jou and plural julle, but in English both are you and in Dutch gy. True, Dutch formerly had gylieden in plural, but this form is now obsolete; English on the other hand has got thou in singular, but this is also an antiquated form, only used in prayer, poet y, &c., not in ordinary language. Just the same is the case with possessive pronouns. In Cape Dutch the singular is jou and the plural julle, but in English your stands for both singular and plural, and in the Dutch uw. For illustration see parallel column.
d. Jou is 'n ferbuiging van jy, en hom van hy; mar my is gen verbuiging van ek, en haar van sy ni. En oek in Engels is him 'n ferbuiging fan he, en them fan they, mar me is gen verbuiging fan I ni, en us is gen ferbuiging fan we ni, en her fan she ni. Dis 'n ferwarring in di taalkunde om dit te gé as ferbuigingsforme fan diselfde woord.	d. In Cape Dutch jou is a declension of jy and hom of hy; but my is not a declension of ek, neither haar of sy. The same in Eglish him is a declension of he and them of they, but me is no declension of I, nor us of we, nor her of she. This is another confusion due to the mistake of framing the grammar of Germanic languages after the mode of Latin.

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Oefening: - Soek di foornaamwoorde uit in di follende sinne en wys an of hulle fan di eerste, twede of derde persoon, en fan watter getal en geslag hulle is: - Hulle is soet kinders. Sy kan goed klafiir speul. Dit is baing koud. Sy sit haar hoed op Ek weet jy kan goed leer; di les is ni te swaar fer jou ni. Julle moet julle ferstand gebruik. Ons moet ons plig doen. Hy loop in syn slaap. Ek het myn part fergeet. Doen jy jou plig, ek sal myne doen. Hulle noem hom 'n deugniit. Ons het fer hulle gesiin. Ek hoop jy sal gou fer ons kom kyk.	Exercise: - Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and their person, number and gender: - They are good boys. She can play the piano nicely. It is very cold. She puts her hat on. I know you can learn well; this lesson is not too difficult for you. You must use your own discretion. We must do our duty. He walks in his sleep. I forgot my part. Do your duty, I will do mine. They call him a rascal. We have seen you. I hope you will soon come and see us.
5. Di besittelike foornaamwoorde druk 'n besitting uit, soos; myn frou, ons kind, julle hoenders, hulle tuin, haar krawetji, syn kiri. Fer gemak geef ons di follende lysi:-	5. Possessive Pronouns express a possession, as: my wife, our child, your fowls, their garden, her earring, his stick. The following is a full table:
Afrikaans Engels 1 Pers. enk. (sing.), alle geslagte (all genders) myn my and mine 1 Pers. meerf. (plural) alle geslagte (all genders) ons our. 2 Pers. enk. (sing.) alle geslagte (all genders) jou your. 2 Pers. meerf. (plural) alle geslagte (all genders) julle your. 3 Pers. enk. (sing.), mannelik (masculine) syn his. 3 Pers. enk. (sing.), frouelik (feminine) haar her. 3 Pers. enk. (sing.), onsydig (neuter) syn its. 3 Pers. meerf. (plural), alle geslagte (all genders) hulle their.
Aanmerking. - By di besittelike foornaamwoorde het ons oek di ferbuiging fan di e, mar net andersom as by di hoedanighydswoorde. By laasgenoemde kom di e agteran as di naamwoord folg, en hiir as daar gen naamwoord folg ni. Soos: Dis 'n flukse pêrd; mar di pêrd is fluks. Dis jou pêrd; mar: di pêrd is joue. Di Engels gebruik dit net so met di s, behalwe in di eerste persoon enkelfoud waar my dan mine word.	Note. - In English the possessive pronoun has the suffix s and in Cape Dutch e when it follows the noun, as: ‘this is your horse,’ but ‘this horse is yours,’ &c., except in the first person singular where my changes into mine. In Cape Dutch it is just the opposite with adjectives; there they take the e when preceding and not when following the noun.
Oefening: - Soek di persoonlike en besittelike foornaamwoorde uit in di follende sinne en geef an fan watter persoon, geslag en getal hulle is: - Di Afrikaners blyf by hulle gewoontes; hulle hou ni fan nuwighede ni. Ons moet ons ouers eer. Jy moet jou boek mébreng. Di pen is joue. Julle moet na julle meester luister. Di pen is hare, mar di ly is myne.	Exercise: - Point out all personal and possessive pronouns in the following sentences and their respective person, number and gender: Africanders stick to their habits; they do not like innovations. He learns his lesson. She studied her music well. I honour my parents. We must honour our parents. You must bring your book. This pen is yours. You (plural) must obey your teacher. This pen is his, but the slate is mine.
6. Di anwysende foornaamwoorde word gebruik om an te wys wi of wat 'n mens meen. Byfoorbeeld, ek sê: ‘Gé fer my di juksky an.’ - Jy fraag: ‘Watter een? - Hiirdi?’ - Ek sê: ‘Né, daar-di.’ - Jy fraag weer: ‘Deuskant-syne?’ - Ek sê: ‘Né, anderkant-syne.’ - Jy fraag nog 'n slag: ‘Di ene?’ - Ek sê: ‘Né, di ander ene.’	6. Demonstrative Pronouns point out what person or thing is intended. E.g., ‘Give me that book.’ You ask: ‘Which? - this one?’ I reply: ‘No, that one;’ - Here this and that with the plural these and those are demonstrative pronouns.

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Hier-di, daar-di, deus-kant-syne, ander-kant-syne, di een, di ander een, is hiir anwysende foornaamwoorde.
7. Di betrekkelike foornaamwoorde het betrekking op 'n naamwoord of foornaamwoord, hetsy dit al uitgedruk is, of ni, soos: ‘Di man wat daar geloop het.’ Hiir slaan di betrekkelike foornaamwoord wat terug op di naamwoord man. ‘Wat ni wil loop ni, kan mar bly staan.’ Hiir is di naamwoord waar wat betrekking op het, ni uitgedruk ni. Di folle sin is: ‘Di persoon wat ni wil loop ni,’ ens.	7. Relative Pronouns refer to some noun or pronoun, whether expressed or understood. As: ‘The man who (or that) walked there.’ Here the relative pronoun who (or that) refers to the noun man. ‘Who will not go, may stay behind.’ Here the noun to which the relative pronoun who refers is not expressed, but understood. The full sentence would be: ‘The person who,’ etc.
8. Di fragende foornaamwoorde dui 'n fraag an, en is oek in Afrikaans en Engels folkome gelyk, soos. - Wi? (Eng. who?) fer persone. Wat? (Eng. which?) fer dinge. Watter? Watter-een? (Eng. what?) fer persone en dinge. Di enigste ferskil is di Engelse who het nog 2 ferbuigingsforme o'ergehou fer alle persone, geslagte, en getalle, namelik whose en whom.	8. Interrogative Pronouns express a question; they are similar in English and Cape Dutch, being:- Who? (C.D. wi?) for persons. What? (C.D. wat?) for things. Which? (C.D. watter? wattereen?) for persons and things. The only difference between the two languages is that all interrogative pronouns are indeclinable in Cape Dutch, whereas in English who has two declensions, whose and whom, for the possessive and objective cases in all persons, numbers and genders.
Oefening: - 1. Soek al di foornaamwoorde uit in di follende sinne, en wys an tot watter soort hulle behoor en fan watter persoon, geslag, en getal hulle is: - Hiir-di boek is mooier as daar-di. Deus-kant-syn boom draag beter as ander-kant-syn. Wil jy di-een hê? Né, ek wil di ander-een hê. Wat maak jy daar? Wi is di mooiste? Watter man is di sterkste? Watter pêrd is di mooiste? Watter-een wil jy hê fan di boeke? En watter-een fan di mysiis? Dis di pêrd wat di resiis gewen het; en dis di jokki wat hom gery het. Jy het myn hoed. Seg fer haar, sy moet haar boek kom haal. Laat hulle eers hulle werk klaar maak, dan kan hulle gaan speul.	Exercise: - Point out all pronouns in the following sentences, to what class they belong and of what person, gender and number they are: - This book is more beautiful than that. This tree is a better bearer than that. Do you want this ons? No, I want the other one. What are you doing there? Who is the prettiest? What man is the strongest? Which horse is the finest? Which book do you want? And what girl? This is the horse that won the races, and this is the jockey who rode it. You have got my hat. Tell her, she must come and fetch her book. Let them first finish their work, and then go for play.