Apartheid. USA 1988

[p. 146]

December 15, 1987:

Just to the West of Valley Stream, in Queens, lies Springfield Gardens, where the schools are more than 90 percent black. Just to the east of Valley Stream lies Malverne, where schools are 52 percent minority group members. To the north lies Elmont, where schools are more than a third minority group members. And right in the middle sits Valley Stream, a white island, where schools are less than 1 percent black.

Civil rights leaders have strongly charged that Valley Stream stays so white partly because of racial steering by real estate brokers - white buyers are steered to white neighborhoods, blacks to black areas. White brokers deny this and a fine has been established of 500 dollars and a suspension of the license for 30 days against racial-steering.^183.

Samuel M Ehrenstadt, the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the New York region has termed a shift in the New York labor pool ‘historic’. He predicted that minorities would make up most of the city's labor force by the end of the decade. The change reflects a fundamental shift in the population of New York City over the past 36 years in which the number of whites have considerably decreased by millions and the number of blacks, Hispanic and newer ethnic groups, such as Asians, have grown almost by as much. Mr. Ehrenstadt said that the size of the black and non-white labor force had increased by 30 percent^184. since 1977, while the white labor force had dipped by 3.9 percent.

183. The New York Times, from a report by Michael Winerip

184. The New York Times, from a report by Jesus Rangel